getable origin, a fpecics of parafitical plants, fuch 
as the moiTes and the mifletoe : but this fuppo- 
fition is altogether erroneous; and, if the hiftory 
of the Lion Puceron is properly developed, it's true 
origin will be found to be from the fly of that crea- 
ture. The leaves and branches on which thefe 
eggs are found are ufually overfpread with pu- 
cerons ; and the creature,": providing a fpot where 
her young may find nourifliment as.foon as hatched, 
depofits her eggs in the midft of tjiefe harmlefs and 
defencelefs animals, fixing each ' on a (lender pe- 
dicle, barely fufficient to fupport it's weight. 
LIPARIS. A fifh of the general order of the 
anguilliformes or eel-fhaped, and nearly approach- 
ing the alauda in form. It's head fomewhat refem- 
bles that of the rabbit. It is caught in the Medi- 
terranean and fome other feas ; and it's flefli, which 
is of an infipid tafte, either excites a naufea in the 
ftomach, or afts as a cathartic. This animal is a 
ipecies of cyclopterus in the Linnaean fyftem. 
LiPARis is alfo ufed by fome authors to exprefs 
the fifli frequently called the gunellusj and, by 
Cornifli fifiierrnxn, the butter-fifh. 
LIPARIS NOSTRAS. A fmall fifli, com- 
mon on the Yorkfliire and fome other coafts of 
England ; ufually called a fnail ; and, by authors, 
limax marinus. It is about four inches long: the 
back and fides are of a bright brown colour ; and 
the belly is a lively white. The head is thick and 
rounded ; the mouth is deftitute of teeth ; but both 
the jaws are rough like files. The whole fifli, 
■which is very foft and un6luous, is eafily melted 
into a fort of oily liquor. It is chiefly caught at 
the mouths of large rivers. 
LIFIDOFUS. An appellation commonly 
given to the garter-fifh; an animal having a fword- 
iike body; the head lengthened out; the fins co- 
vering the gills vnth feven rays; and only three 
fcales on the whole body, two in the place of the 
ventral fins, and, the third proceeding from the 
anus. See Garter- Fish. 
LISSA. A name by which fome authors have 
exprefied the filh more ufually called Glifla, an 
animal of the tunny kind. 
LITORNE. A fpecies of thrufh ; fo called 
by Belon, and confounded by fome authors with 
the greater thrufh, though in faft confiderably lefs. 
It is about the fize of the blackbird ; and refem- 
bles the hen of that fpecies, except that the breaft 
is yellowifii, fpotted with black; and the belly 
white. The legs and feet are black ; and the top 
of the head, neck, and rump, are cinereous. The 
back is tawny; and the neck is blackifh. The 
fix prime-feathers of the wings are much darker 
than the reft, which incline to a red or tawny; and 
the bill is fhorter than that of the blackbird, 
yellow near the bafe on the lower chap, but black 
at the extremity. 
LITTORAL SHELLS. A name given by 
Gonchologifts to fuch fnells as are found near the 
fea-fhores, to diftinguifh them from the pelagian 
fhells, or fuch as are only found in the deep. 
LIl UUS. A genus of fliells of the clafs of 
the polythalamiij or thofe which confifb of feveral 
concam.erations or chambers, feparated from each 
other by fhelly diaphragms, and communicating 
together by means of a fiphunculus, running the 
whole length of the Ihell. To this general cha- 
rafter of the clafs may be added, that the Lituus is 
always a conic Ihell, running in aftraight line from 
the mouth, through a great part of the length ; and 
from the end of this Oaaight part to the extremity 
LIZ/ 
twifting into the fliape of a cornu ammonis, or fpi- 
ral fiiell of that genus. 
The Lituus receives it's name from a fancied re- 
femblance it bears to the inftrument fo called 
among the ancients. The ftony m.atter often found 
in this fliell, which refembles all its lineaments, is 
called by authors lituites; as thofe ftones formed 
in the peften are called pe£linites ; and thofe in the 
echini marini, echinitJE. 
LIVERYMEN. An appellation given by 
fome authors to a fort of caterpillars, remarkable 
for the variety of their colours. Thefe belong 
to that clafs which live in communities, and frame 
nefts to defend themfelves from the feverity of the 
weather. They may be ranked among the pro- 
cefiionary kinds, always following each other 
with great regularity in their marches, though, 
they fometimes difperfe a confiderable way from 
their nefts, without ever lofing their way. The 
art they fhew in preferving their direflion is wor- 
thy of remark. They fpin the whole way they go : 
the firft fpins a thread as he crawls along ; the fe- 
cond follows him in the fame track ; and a third 
the former ; and fo on, each fpinning as he ad- 
vances ; which at length forms a fine ftiining 
track all the way they have proceeded. Several 
of thefe paths are obferved to diverge from the 
neft, the common centre of them all ; and, by 
means of thefe paths, the creatures are able at 
pleafure to run back dire&ly to the neft, without 
a poflibility of deviating from the proper courfe. 
But when one of the congeries of threads hap- 
pens to break in any part, all the caterpillars 
beyond the rupture appear to be in the greateft 
confufion till they have repaired the breach. 
LIVIA. A name given by fome authors to 
a particular fpecies of pigeon, called Pelasas by 
the Greeks. It ftrongly refembles the common 
pigeon in ftiape, but is fomevi/hat fmaller. The 
legs are red ; the beak is white j and the body is 
entirely of a grey colour, except that the extre- 
mities of the tail-feathers are black, and that there 
is a purplifh and greenifti variegation about the 
fides and flioulders. This fpecies is fuppofed by 
Ray to be fynonymous with the fafforolla of the 
Italians, or the columba rupicola of Latin authors. 
LIZARD. A numerous clafs of animals, 
which have been differently ranked in the fcale of 
animated nature by moft authors who have made 
zoology their ftudy. Ray, rather ftruck with 
the number of their legs than their habits and 
conformations, has exalted them among quadru- 
peds ; while Linna2us, attentive only to their 
flender forms, has degraded them among ferpents. 
Briffon makes them a diftinft clafs of themfelves, 
under the appellation of reptiles. Klein confiders 
them as inferior to beafts ; and makes themi a fub» 
divifion of quadrupeds, under the name of naked 
quadrupeds. Others again, from a confideration 
of their fcaly coverings, and prediledtion for the 
water, have referred them to the clafs of fifties 5 
while naturalifts have not been wanting who have 
arranged them with infefts. 
Indeed, fo equivocal is their nature, that it is 
difticult to determine to what clafs of animals Li- 
zards are chiefly allied. They feem unjuftly 
raifed to the rank of beafts, as they bring forth 
eggs, and are deftitute of coverings of hair ; they 
cannot be clafiTed with fifties, as the majority of 
them live on land ; they are excluded from the 
ferpent tribe by their feet, on which they run with 
great celerity ; and from infedts, by their fuperior 
magnitude; 
