quickly into the Kings, and gives rife to many in- 
i'piratiors, accompanied with involuntary Ibocks, 
Each infpiration makes a louder noife than that 
of fighirg, and is diftinguiflied by t!ie appella- 
tion of lobbing; and as thefe fobs fucceed each 
other very rapidly, the voice is broken and inter- 
rupted. But in groaning, which is a fpecies of 
fob long continued, the accent of the voice is 
more c i'Hnguilhable. Groans are longer or fhorter 
in proportion to the degree of forrow or dejeclion ; 
but they are generally frequently repeatecl. The 
time of infpiration forms the interval that takes 
place between each groan; and the intervals are 
nearly equal, both in their diftance and duration. 
The plaintive fhriek is a groan exprefied with ve- 
hemence, and with an elevated tone of voice : the 
Ihriek, when very fharp, generally continues on 
the fame tone through it's whole extent; but, 
when moderate, it commonly ends in a lower tone. 
iBut there is a filent agony, in which the mind ap- 
pears to refufe all external expreffion, and broods 
over it's diftreffes in gloomy referve : this is the 
moft painful and dangerous degree of grief; ac- 
cidents or friendfliip may moderate the louder and 
more querulous kinds of woe; but all remedies 
for this muft be derived from within; and there 
defpair, the moft deadly enemy, too often lurks. 
Laughter is an interrupted found, often repeat- 
ed, and accompanied with a kind of convulfive 
motion of the belly, which is alternately elevated 
and depreffed. To facilitate this motion, the 
breaft and head are fometimes thrown forward, the 
cheft remains immoveable, the angles of the 
mouth recede from each other, and the cheeks 
become inflated. Every time that the belly is de- 
prefled, the air ruilies out of the mouth, and oc- 
cafions a found which, during the fit, is often re- 
peated, fometimes in the fame tone, and at others 
with a variety of articulation. In immoderate 
and convulfive laughter, as well as in the moft 
violent paflions, the lips open wide : but, in the 
more tranquil emotions, the angles of the mouth 
recede, without any opening of the lips; the 
cheeks fweli ; and, in fome perfons, dimples are 
formed near the corners of the mouth. This 
charm properly belongs to the graces; and is 
commionly attended with an agreeable fmile, which 
is an expreffion of benevolence and internal fatis- 
fadion. A fmile is alfo a mode of expreffing con- 
tempt and ridicule J but, in thefe malignant fmiles, 
the lips are preflTed clofe together. 
The cheeks are fuch uniform features, that 
they have little motion or expreffion, except from 
that involuntary glow or palenefs with which they 
are cloathed in different paffions: but they unite 
the features, and give a contour to the counte- 
nance ; and therefore contribute more to beauty 
than to expreffion. 
Bluiliing proceeds from various paffions, as 
fliame, anger, pride, joy, and modefly : palenefs 
is generally the effeft of anger, and is invariably 
the attendant on fright and fear. This change of 
colour is involuntary : it exhibits the tranfaftions 
of the mind without it's confent ; and is an effed 
of fcntiment over which the will has no controul. 
The other indications of paffion may eafily be 
difguifed : a moment's refledion enables us to flop 
the aftion of the mufcles of the face, which cha- 
rafterize particular paffions, and even to change 
their direftion ; but to impede or alter the rednefs 
and palenefs of the face is beyond the power of 
the moft artful, becaule thefe depend on a pecu- 
MAN 
liar motion of the blood, occafioned by the ac- 
tion of the diaphragm, the chief internal organ 
of fenfation. 
The whole head- as well as the features of the 
face, takes peculiar attitudes from different paf- 
fions : it bends forward, to exprefs humility, fliarr e^, 
or forrow ; it reclines on one fide, in languor, or in 
pitvi it is elevated in pride; erc£t and fixed in 
obftinacy and felf-conceit; it is thrown backwards 
in afloniihment or furprizei and rolls from fide to 
fide in ridicule, contempt, and indignation. 
But befides the expreffion of the head and fea- 
tures, which ftrongly mark every emotion of the 
foul, the arms, the hands, and indeed the whole 
body, contribute to the expreffion of the paffions* 
Gelture alfo concurs with the a£lion of tJie fea~ 
ttires in expreffing the different feelings of the 
foul: in joy, for inftance, the eyes, the head, the 
arms, and the whole body, are agitated with quick 
and various movements i in languor and grief, the 
eyes are funk, the head reclines, the arms are fu- 
fpended, and the whole body remains fixed and. 
immoveable; and in admiration, furprize, and 
aftonifhment, every motion is flopped, and the 
perfon remains in the fame uniform attitude. 
Thefe expreffions of the paffions are not lodged 
within our power: but there is another fpecies of 
expreffion, which confiffs in an agitation of the 
eyes, head, arms, and body ; and thefe motions 
leem at the fame time to be the effect of reflec- 
tion, and to depend on the will; they appear to 
be the efforts of the mind to defend the body, and 
may be efteemed fecondary fymptoms, by which 
particular paffions may be traced. In love, hope, 
and ardent defire, we elevate the head, and turn 
towards Eleaven, as if imploring affiftance; wc 
ftretch forvv^ard the head, to make a nearer ap- 
proach; and we extend the arms, and open the 
hands, in order to grafp and embrace the beloved 
objeft: on the other hand, in fear, hatred, and 
fbrrov/j we pufh the arm.s forwards with precipi- 
tation, to repel the object of averfion; we turn 
the head and the eyes backward ^ we recoil j and 
at laft fly to efcape from what we fear or deteft. 
Thefe motions are fo fuddrn, that they appear in- 
voluntary: but this deception is the effeftof ha- 
bit; for thefe motions are produced by refiedion j 
and, by their alacrity, difcover the perfeftion of 
thofe qualities of the body which enable it to 
obey, with fuch amazing promptitude, the voli- 
tions of the mind. 
The paffions being agitations or movements of 
the foul, for the moft part connefted with im- 
preffions of fenfation, they may be expreffed by 
motions of the body, and particularly by thofe of 
the countenance. Some judgment may therefore 
be formed of the af5e6lions of the mind by the 
motions of the body ; and the real fituation of the 
foul may be difcovered by examining the changes 
in the features: but as the mind has no figure 
which can bear any relation to that of matter, no 
reafonable conjecture can be formed of the ge- 
neral difpofition of any mind by the lineaments 
of the countenance, or by the figure of the body 
with which it is conneCled, A deformed perfon 
may contain an amiable mind: nor fhould we 
pronounce refpefting the natural difpofition, 
merely becaufe the features happen to be difagree- 
able; for there is no analogy between features and 
the nature of the foul which can juftify any de- 
cifion on this fubjed:. 
Neverthelefs, the ancients were much addided 
