MAN 
beautiful countenances. The former, as being 
the moft numerous, give law tofafhion; and their 
laws are generally framed to anfwer their own pur- 
pofes. Moft women never think of paint till the 
natural bloom of their cheeks is faded ; and the 
younger and more beautiful are obliged to fubmit 
to the capricioufnefs of tafte, though not com- 
pelled by the fame neceflity. In all parts of the 
world this pra6lice is more or lefs prevalent; and 
powdering and frizzing the hair, though not fo 
general, feems to have arifen from a fimilar con- 
troul. 
But, leaving external ornaments, and the drape- 
ries of the human pi6lure, let us revert to the 
figure itfelf. The head of man, whether confi- 
dered internally or externally, is differently formed 
from that of every other animal, the monkey 
kind only excepted, in which we muft confefs 
there is a ftriking fimilitude. The bodies of al- 
moft all quadrupeds are covered with hair: with 
refpedl to man, the head alone has this ornament 
before the age of puberty; and it is more amply 
furnifhed with hair than the head of any other 
animal. 
There is a great dlverfity in the teeth of all ani- 
mals: fome have them in bothjaws; others in the 
tinder jaw only ; in fome they are widely feparated 
from each other; and in others clofe and united. 
The palates of fome fifhes are nothing elfe but 
bony plates, ftudded with points, which perform 
the offices of teeth. All thefe fubftances, in every 
animal, derive their origin from the nerves, the 
fubftances of which harden by being expofed to 
the air; and the nerves that terminate in the 
mouth, being thus expofed, acquire a bony folidity. 
In this manner the teeth and nails in men are 
formed; and in this way alfo the beaks, the hoofs, 
the horns, and the talons, of other animals, are 
found to be produced. 
The neck, which fupports the head, and unites 
it to the body, is much larger and ftronger in the 
generality of quadrupeds than in Man. Fifties, 
and other animals which are deftitute of lungs 
fimilar to ours, have no necks whatever ; but birds 
in general have longer ones than other animals. 
Thofe which have ftaort claws, have alfo fliort 
necks; and fuch, on the contrary, as have long 
claws, have their necks in proportion. 
The external formation of the human breaft is 
•widely difi'erent from that of every other animal. 
It is larger in proportion to the fize of the body ; 
and none but men, and fuch animals as ufe tlieir 
fore-feet inftead of hands, have the bones called 
clavicles or collar-bones. The breafts of women 
are larger and more promiinent than thofe of men; 
but their confiftence and ftrudlure are nearly the 
fame; for the breafts of men can fecrete milk. 
Among animals, there is a great variety in the 
number and fituation of their paps : fome, as the 
monkey and the elephant, have only two placed 
on the fore-part of the breaft ; others, as the bear, 
have four; fome, as the fheep, have only two 
fituated behind the hinder legs; and others, as the 
bitch and the fow, have them in great numbers on 
the belly. The form of the breafts varies in dif- 
ferent animals, and even in the fame animal at 
different ages. The bofoms of females feem to 
unite all our ideas of beauty, where the outlines 
are continually changing, and the gradations foft 
and regular. It is ailed ged, that women whofe 
breafts are pear-fhaped, make the beft nurfes ; be- 
caufe the mouths of the children comprehend not 
MAN 
only the nipples, but part of the breafts them- 
felves. 
Both in Men and Women, the graceful fall of 
the flioulders conftitutes no fmall part of beauty. 
In apes, though otherwife formed like the human 
race, the fnoulders are high, and drawn up on 
each fide towards the ears. In Man, they fall by 
a gentle declivity; and the more fo in proportion 
to the perfedlion of his form. In fa6b, high ftioul- 
ders are always confidered as a deformity, for they 
are always fo in very ficklv perfons ; and people, 
when dying, always have their ftioulders drawn up 
in a very fingular manner. The mufcles that 
ferve to raife the ribs have their origin chiefiy near 
the ftioulders ; and the higher we raife the flioul- 
ders, with the more facility we eredl the ribs like-^ 
wife. It happens, therefore., with refpeft to the 
fickly and dying, who breathe v/ith difficulty, that 
they are obliged to raife their ribs by the affiftance 
of their flioulders ; and thus their bodies afllime, 
from habit, that form which they are fo frequently 
obliged to ufe. Pregnant women are alfo com- 
monly high-ftiouldered ; for the weight of their 
inferior parts drawing down their ribs, they are 
obliged to ufe every effort to elevate them ; and 
thus the fhoulders are raifed of courfe. During 
pregnancy alfo, the ftiape not only of the flioul- 
ders, but alfo of the breaft, and even the features 
of the face, undergo a confiderable change; for 
the whole upper fore-part of the body being co- 
vered with a broad thin fkin, called the myoide?j 
which at that time is drawn down, it alfo drags 
with it the natural fldn, and confequently the fea- 
tures of the face. By thefe means the vifage takes 
a particular form : the lower eye-lids, and the an- 
gles of the mouth, are drawn downwards ; by 
which means the eyes are enlarged, and the mouth 
is widened. 
The arms of ?vlen have but little refemblance 
to the fore-feet of quadrupeds, and much lefs to 
the wings of birds. The ape is the only animal 
pofl^efl^ed of hands and arms; but thefe are much 
more rudely fafliioned, as well as lefs exadly pro- 
portioned, than in Men. 
The form of che back, in Man, is not much 
different from that of four-footed animals, except 
that the reins are miore mufcular in the former; 
but the buttocks are peculiar to the human body. 
What goes by that name in other creatures, is 
only the upper par't of the thigh: Man being the 
only animal that fupports himfelf perfeftly erect, 
the largenefs of this part is ov/ing to the peculiarity 
of his pofition. 
The human foot is very different from that of 
all other animals, the monkey not excepted. The 
foot of the ape is rather a kind of hand; it's toes 
are long, and placed like fingers, the middle one 
being much the longeft; and it has no heel. The 
fole of the foot is likewife larger in Man; and his 
toes are better adapted for preferving the eqviili- 
brium of the body in walking, running, and leap- 
ing. 
The nails of Men are lefs than thofe of any 
other animals: if they protruded much beyond the 
extremities of the fingers, they v;ould obftru6l' 
the dexterity of the hand. Such favages as allow 
them to grow to an unnatural length, ufe them for 
flaying and tearing anim.als : but though their 
nails are longer and ftronger than ours, they can 
by no means be compared to the hoofs or claws 
of animals. In China, long nails are efteemed as 
a mark of breeding and education; and as their 
immoderate 
