PAP 
one hundred and fifty Panthers at one time ; Pom- 
pey the Great, four hundred and ten; and Au- 
guftus, four hundred and twenty. But though 
they thinned the Mauritanian coaft of thefe crea- 
tures, they ftill fwarm in the fouthern parts of 
Guinea. 
PAP AN. An appellation given by the inha- 
bitants of the Philippine iflands to a fpecies' of 
duck common in the marfhes and lakes. It is a 
very large and beautiful creature ; and therefore 
called by Father Camelli anas regia, or the royal 
duck. 
PAPHIS. A name by which fom.e ichthyolo- 
gifbs have expreffed the gar-fifh. 
PAPILIO. The general name of a numerous 
genus of four-winged infeils of the lepidoptera 
order; comprehending, according to Linnfeus, no 
lefs than two hundred and feventy-three fpecies ; 
diflingtfifhed by clavated antennjE; commonly 
known under the appellation of butterflies and 
moths, though Linnceus claffcs the moth under a 
diftindt genus. 
The arrangement of thefe infe£ls into genera 
and claffes is in a great meafure taken from the 
peculiar conformation of their feelers, v/ings, and 
trunks, and the manner in which they ufe them. 
The moft obvious diftinftion is that which divides 
them into the night and day kinds, of v;hich the 
former are generally reputed the moft numerous: 
v/e often meet with them even in our houfes, flying 
about the candles; and every hedge fwarms v/ith 
them by night; while by day they lie concealed 
under the leaves of plants, and often appear in a 
torpid ftate. In tliis condition they remain till 
the evening; but they hide themfelves fo artifi- 
cially, that it is difficult to efpy one, even in a fitu- 
atioii where there are numbers. The way to dif- 
cover them confifts in beating and difturbing tlie 
buflies, or lhaking the branches of trees in places 
where they are fufpefted to lodge, v;hich will force 
them out in fwarms. In this cafe, however, they 
never take long flights, but fettle again on the 
firft tree or bulh which they approach. Natura- 
lifts have appropriated the names of night-but- 
terflies, moths, and phalsena?, to exprefs this 
clafs. 
The feveral kinds of butterflies which have 
thofe various inclinations, have alfo external cha- 
ra6lers by which they may be diftinguiflied : all 
thofe which have clavated or clubbed antennse, are 
of the diurnal kind, and are never feen voluntarily 
flying during the night. There are alfo fome 
other varieties in the formation of the antenna of 
day-butterflies ; while the nofcurnal ones are di- 
ftinguifhed by having the plumofe, the prifmatic, 
or the conic ones. 
Thofe which are obferved to flutter round 
lighted candles are always of one of thefe three 
kinds. It is not, however, to be abfolutely af- 
firmed, that no one of thefe kinds is ever feen fly- 
ing by day-light, fince in woods and thickets they 
are often feen fluttering about, Vv'ithout having 
been difturbed; but all that are at this feafon in 
motion are males, in queft of females, which are 
immoveably fixed under the leaves and on the 
branches of trees. 
Thofe beautiful painted infc£ls which we fee 
fluttering about flowers by day, and enlivening 
the fummer fcene, are all of the diurnal kind: a 
few fpecies indeed of the phalsenffi fometimes flut- 
ter about thiftle flovv'ers, and feem toextraft rheir 
juices; but thefe are fcldom feen; and among the 
moths, or night kinds, as they are commonly 
called, there are a great many that never make 
any ufe of their wings. 
The male of the glovv-Vv'orm flies around a can- 
dle in a fimilar manner with the moth, imagining 
it to be the light of his female ; and it is alfo pof- 
fible that the female moths may, in the night, 
yield a light capable of afl^efting the eyes of the 
males, though imperceptible to us. 
The grand divifions of butterflies into day and 
night kinds being made, it is neceflTary to have re- 
courfe to other fub-diftin6lions, in order to ar- 
range them in any method; and thefe can by no 
means be taken from them in their prior ftate of 
caterpillars, many of them being in that ftage of 
their exiftence exactly fimilar in their general cha- 
ra6lersj though of difi^erent genera in their flying 
ftate. 
As the antennas ferve to diftinguifti butterflies 
into clafi^es, fo do their trunks into genera; but 
thefe are only capable of difcriminating a few, the 
flat and the round being tlieir principal diftinc- 
tlon. Reaumur has obferved, that ail diurnal 
butterflies have thefe trunks, but that many of the 
nofturnal ones want them. The wings, how- 
ever, afford the greateft variety of generical cha- 
rafters among thefe animals ; the Ikape of thefe, 
and the manner in which they are carried when in 
motion and at reft, ferve as great and efTential 
diftinftions. 
The above-mentioned naturalift, of all others, 
has made the moft curious and accurate obfcrva- 
tions on the difi^erences iii the manner that but- 
terflies carry their wings. He obferves, that 
fome of the fpecies carry their wings perpendi- 
cular to what they reft on; that others carry them 
plain or level with the horizon; and that others 
again let them fall below that level, and are called 
the drooping-wing kind: fome others form a fort 
of canopy with them, for the covering of their bo- 
dies; and others place them in fuch a manner as 
to embrace their bodies. The colours of the 
wings make excellent diftinftions for the feveral 
fpecies ; but thefe are not always proper for gene- 
rical difcriminations. 
It has been previoufly obferved, that there are 
three kinds of antennre peculiar to the day-butter- 
fly; but the diftindion under thefe alone would 
be too large, the fpecies of the button-horned 
ones being alone much too numerous to be thrown 
into one afl^m.blage: it is therefore neceflTary to 
admit the pofitions of the wings according to the 
preceding diflerences, and hence the day-butter- 
flies or papilios are thus diftinguiflied into feven 
clafle-s. 
The firft clafs contains thofe papilios whofe an- 
tenna are terminated by buttons ; and whofe wings, 
when at reft, are placed in a perpendicular direc- 
tion to what the infeft fits on ; the under edges of 
which embrace the lower part of the body; and 
v/hofe legs are all employed in fuftaining the body, 
and in walking. The biack-fportcd white but- 
terfly, produced from the beautiful cabbage- cater- 
pillar, is a papilio of this clafs. 
The fecond clafs comprehends thofe papilios 
which agree in all refpeds with the forrnei-, ex- 
cept that they ufe only four of their legs in fuftain- 
ing their bodies, and in walking: the two anterior 
legs in the flies of this clafs are held in a bentpof- 
ture; and are furnifl^ied with a downy part at their 
extremities, which feem to fc-rve as a kind of 
arms, Thefe papilios are in general produced 
from 
