T I T 
dows; and their fize is an obvious and fufficient 
diftindion from the gnat tribe: they are often an 
inch in length from head to tail; their bodies be- 
ing (lender, and compofed of nine rings. The 
male Tipula is eafily diftinguiflied from the fe- 
male: it is much fhorter and thicker; and the 
tail ufually turns upwards, whereas that of the 
female is placed in the fime diredion mth the 
body. The legs of thefe infeds are gfeatly dif- 
proportioned to their bodies, efpecially the hinder 
pair, which in the larger fpecies are ufually three 
times the length of the body. 
The larger Tipula is of a brownifli colour; and 
it's corlelet is fo elevated, that the creature feems 
hump-backed. The head is fmall; and the neck 
is very fhort. The eyes are large and reticulated, 
covering almoft the whole furface of the head ; 
and are of a greenifh colour, with a caft of pur- 
ple, Reaumur fuppofes that the two very lucid 
fpecks which appear on the anterior part of the 
breaft are eyes, though placed in fo very fingular 
a manner. The wings are long, but very narrow, 
and tranfparent, with a light call of brown ; and 
the ribs, when microfcopically examined, appear 
as if befet with fcales or feathers. Some fpecies 
of the TipuljE have them alfo fringed, with thefe 
fcales at their edges. There are no ailerons, or 
petty wings ; but, in their ftead, two very fine 
balancers, or mallets, having long pedicles, and 
roundifh or oval heads. The ftigmata of the 
corlelet are four; one pair placed immediately be- 
neath the balancers, and the other juft below the 
firft pair of legs: the firft pair are very long, and 
the others fmall. Each ring of the body is com- 
pofed of two half cylinders, united by means of a 
membrane, which gives them an opportunity of 
being diftended or contraded at the creature's 
pleafure. 
All the large TipuliE carry two antenna?, or 
horns, on their heads, compofed of a number of 
joints, each covered with fine downy hairs ; and 
at the jundure of each to the next there is a tuft 
of longer and more ftifi^" hairs. 
Such is the defcription of the common large 
Tipula found in meadows ; which, in almoft every 
particular, is applicable to the generality of the 
larger fpecies of thefe infeds. 
The fmallcr kinds are very numerous, and of 
great variety. They are frequent in almoft every 
place, and at every feafon of the year. Immenfe 
clouds of them appear in the fpring ; and even 
during the coldeft winter's day they may be feen 
about noon, flying with the greateft facility, and 
almoft continually on the wing. 
In tracing thefe flies from their origin, they are 
all found to be produced from worms without 
legs, and regular fcaly heads. Thofe from which 
the larger Tipulas are produced, live under 
ground, ufually about an inch from the furface; 
and in fome places they are fo extremely nume- 
rous, that the herbage is confiderably damaged by 
them. In general, they are fond of marfliy fitu- 
ations ; neverthelefs, they are not unfrequently 
found in the cavities of the ftumps of old trees. 
TIRSIO. An appellation by which fome au- 
thors exprefs the phocsna of Willughby ; the por- 
pefl>, or marfum, of others. 
TITLARK; the Alauda Pratenfis of Lin- 
nseus. This bird, which is moft commonly feen 
in iov/, moift places, has a delightful note, finging 
in all fituations, on trees, on the ground, and in 
tlie air. It becomes filent about Midfummer, 
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and refumes it's melody towards the month of 
September. 
The Titlark is of an elegant, flender (hape ; 
the length is five inches and a half, and the 
breadth nine iticlies. The bill is black ; the back" 
and head are of a greenifli brown colour, fpotted 
with black ; the throat and lower part of the belly- 
are white ; the breaft is yellow, marked with ob- 
long fpots of black; the tail is dufl<:y, but the ex- 
terior feather is varied by a bar of white, running 
acrofs the end, and taking in the whole outmolt 
web. The claw on the hind toe is very long; and 
the feet are yellowifh. 
TITxMOiJSE. A diftind genus of birds in 
the Linnfean fyftem, of the order of pafl"eres: the 
diftinguifliing charaders of which are; that the 
extremity of the tongue is truncated, and termi- 
nated by three or four briftles; and that the beak 
is entire, and covered with briftly feathers at the 
bafe. There are fourteen fpecies. 
Titmouse, Great. This bird, which is alfo 
called the ox-eye, is fix inches long, nine inches 
broad, and about one ounce in weight. The bill 
is ftraight, black, and half an inch long; the 
tongue is broad, terminating in four filaments; 
the head and throat are black; the cheeks are 
white; and the back and coverts of the wings are 
green. The belly is of a yellowidi green colour, 
divided in the centre by a line of black, extend- 
ing to the vent; the rump is of a blucifl^, g^'-y; 
and the quill-feathers are dufl<y, tipt with blue 
and white. The lefier coverts are blue, and the 
greater are tipt with white. The tail is about two 
inches and a half long, and of a bl?.ck colour, ex- 
cept on the exterior edges, which are blue. 
Though tliis bird fometimes vifits our gardens, 
it chiefly inhabits woods, where it makes it's nelt 
in hollow trees, and lays nine or ten eggs. This, 
and the whole tribe of Titmice, feed on infeds 
which they meet with in the bark of trees; but in 
the fpring they confiderably damage fruit-gar- 
dens, by deftroying the tender buds. Like the 
woodpecker kind, they are perpetually running 
up and down the trunks of trees in purfuit of 
food. 
Titmouse, Blue. This bird frequents gar- 
dens, and greatly injures fruit-trees, by bruiling 
the young buds in fearch of fuch infeds as kirk 
under them. It breeds in holes of walls, and lays 
about twelve or fourteen eggs. The bill is fiiort 
and dufl<y ; the crown of the head is of a fine bkie 
colour; the forehead and cheeks are v^hite; and a 
black line extends from the bill to the eyes. The 
back is of a yellowifti green hue; and the lower 
fide of the body is yellow. The wings are blue, 
tranfverfely marked with a white bar ; the tail is 
alfo blue ; and the legs are of a leaden colour. 
Titmouse, Cole, or Black ; the Parus Arer 
of Linnaeus. The length of this bird is five in- 
ches, and the breadth feven. It is diftingui{]:icd 
from all others of the genus by it's fmallnefs. The 
head is black, with a white fpot on the hind part; 
the back is of a greenifh afh -colour ; the rum.p is 
of a deep green ; and the exterior edges of the 
principal wing-feathers are alio green. 
Titmouse, Marsh. This bird receives it's 
name from it's frequenting moift fituations. In 
this country it generally inhabits woods, and fel- 
dom infefts gardens. Willughby obferves, that 
it differs from the cole Titmoufe in being bigger, 
in wanting the white fpot on it's head, in having 
a larger tail, in it's under fide being white, in be- 
