TUR 
be nearly on a level. There are alfo the fliort 
Turban, the produced Turban, and the long 
Turban. 
TURBAN SHELL. An appellation by 
\vhich fome conchologifts exprefs a genus of ftiells 
of an hemifpheric or fpheroidal figure, in fonle 
meafure refembling a Perfian Turban. 
TURBIT PIGEON; the Columba Fimbri- 
cata of Moore* A particular fpecies of Pigeon, 
remarkable for it's fhort beak j called by the 
Dutch Cort Bek, or Ihort beak. 
This Pigeon is fitiall, and Ihort- bodied ; it has a 
fhort round head ; and the plumage on the breaft 
opens, and refledls both ways. This is ufually 
called the purle ; and, the greater quantity any 
bird has of it, the more it is efteemed. The tail 
and back are generally of one colour, as blue, 
black, red, yellow, or dun, and fometimes che- 
quered ; but the flight-feathers, and thofe of the 
reft of the body, are white. 
This fpecies is extremely aflive ; and, if pro- 
perly trained, will take very lofty flights. 
TURBO. A genus of the teftacea order of 
worms in the Linnasan fyftem : the charaders of 
which are ; that the inclofed animal is a Aug ; that 
the Ihell is univalve, fpiral, and folid; and that 
the aperture is fl:raightened, orbiculated^ and en- 
tire. Linnfeus enumerates fifty fpecies. 
According to Da Cofta, the Turbo is a genus 
of fnails with a lengthened clavicle or turban, 
having in general a perfeflly round mouth ; the 
columella, or inner lip, not much faced outwards j 
and the body fpire very prominent ; fo that the 
turban is fuddenly, and not infenfibly, produced 
from it. 
The fpecies of the Turbo are fo numerous, that 
fome conchologifts have thought proper to arrange 
them into feven claflfes, in the fubfequent man- 
ner' — 
The Turbines with long and toothlefs mouths, 
and wrinkled columellas ; of which there are feven 
Ipecies. 
The Turbines with dentated mouths,, and 
wrinkled columellse, including two fpecies. 
The Turbines of a pyramidal figure, with de- 
preflTed mouths; comprehending five fpecies. 
Tiie Turbines with long and ere6l mouths ; in- 
cluding four fpecies. 
The Turbines with flat mouths and long bo- 
dies; including two fpecies. 
The Turbines with large oval mouths ; con- 
taining three fpecies. 
The Turbines with round mouths ; compre-r 
hending fix fpecies. 
One of the molt remarkable fpecies of the 
Turbo, is the Scalare of Rumphius ; fo called 
from it's fpires running up hollow,.or with a fpace 
between them. This is a very fcarce and valu- 
able Ihell when large ; but it is often found fmall 
in the Adriatic. 
TURBO COCHLEA. A term by which 
fome conchologifts exprefs the Perfian fliell ; a 
fpecies of concha globofa, or dolium. 
TURBOT; the Pleuronedes Maximus of 
Linnjeus. A well-known, valuable fifli, of a re- 
markably fquare lhape. The colour of the upper 
part of the body is cinereous, marked with nume- 
rous black fpots of diff'erent fizes ; the belly is 
white; and the fkin is deftitute of fcales, but 
much wrinkled, and mixed with fmall fliort fpines 
irregularly difpofed. 
Thefe fifti grow to a very great fize, frequently 
weighing from twenty to thirty pounds. They 
are chiefly taken ofi" the north coafts of England^ 
and on thofe of Scotland and iiolland. The 
large I'ui bots, as well as feveral other kinds of 
flat fifh, are caught by m.eans of hooks and lines, 
as they lie in deep water; the method of taking 
them in wiers, or ftaked nets, being very preca- 
rious. 
When the fiftiermen go forth, each of them is 
provided with three lines, coiled on a flat oblong 
piece of wicker-work; the hooks being baited^ 
and placed regularly in the centre of the coil. 
Each line is furnifiied with fourteen fcore of 
hooks, ?.t the diftance of fix feet two inches From 
each other; and the hooks are faftened to the lines 
on fneads of twifted horfe-hair, each about twentv- 
feven inches in length. When engaged in fifh- 
ing, there are always three men in each cobk; 
and confequently nine of thefe lines are faftened 
together, and ufed as one, extending near three 
miles in length, and furniftied with 2520 hooks. 
An anchor and a buoy are fixed to the fii ft end of 
the line, and one more of each at the end of each 
man's lines; in all four anchors, which are ufually 
perforated ftones, and four buoys made of icarher 
or cork. The line is always laid acrofs the cur- 
rent. The tides of flood and ebb continuing on 
our coafts an equal time, about fix hours each 
when undifturbed by winds, and being extremely 
rapid, the filhermen can only llioot and haul their 
lines at the turn of each ; and thtrefore the lines 
always remain on the ground about fix hours j 
during which time the myxine glutincfa of Lin- 
n?Eus will frequently penetrate the fifh tliat are cn 
the hooks, and entirely devour them, Itavins? 
only the fi-cin and bones. The fame rapidity oT 
the tides prevents the fifliermen from ufing hatxi- 
lines ; and therefore two of them ufualJv wrap 
themfelves in the fail, and fo go to fleep'; y/hile 
the other keeps a ftridl look out, left they fhould 
be run down by fome velTel : as well as to watch 
the weather; for ftorms fometimes arife fo fud- 
denly, that it is with extrcmiC difficulty they are 
able to make the ftiore, leaving ti.e.'r hooks and 
lines behind them. 
Befides the coble, thofe who are employed in 
the Turbot-fifnery have generally a five-man boat, 
about forty feet long and fifteen broad, and of 
twenty-five tuns burden : which boat ;s decked 
at each end, but open in the middle; and has 
two lug-fails. 
In fuch kind of boats do the moft expert fifli- 
ermen go to the herring-fifhery at Yarmouth, 
about the latter end of September, a^.d return 
about the middle of November. The boats are 
then laid up till the beginning of Lent, when thev 
proceed in them to the edge of the Dogger Bank, 
and other proper fituations, in order to fifti for 
Turbot, cod, ling, and fixates. They always take 
two cobles on board; and, wlien arrived at their 
ftation, anchor the boar, throw out the lines, and 
fifti in the fame manner as tliofe who go from the 
fhore in a coble ; v.'ith this differerice only, that 
here each man is provided with double the' quan- 
tity of lines; and, infteiid of wairirrg the return of 
the tide in the coble, go back to their boar, and 
bait their lines; thus hauling one fet, and Ihoot- 
ing another, at every turn of the ti(ie. They 
commonly run into port twice a week, for the 
purpofe of delivering their fifh. 
Frefti herring feem^s to be the beft bait for ail 
Idnds of filh ; and the five-men boa^s are always 
furniihcd 
