250 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
[Ma«ch 30, 1901. 
Prof. Charles H. Townsend, of the Fish Commission, 
gave an illustrated talk on the cruise of the Albatross 
through Southern Pacific waters. The Albatross took 
soundsings and dredged a course of more than 3,000 miles, 
and her crew made manj' interesting inland trips through 
South Pacific islands. The results of the dredgings, Prof. 
Townsend said, were not particularly interesting, as the 
bottom of the Pacific is the most barren of any waters 
where the Government experts have dredged. On the 
islands, however, they found much of interest, and with 
thes-; his lecture mainly dealt. — Washington Post. 
Mmmt 
Training the Hunting Dog. 
By B. Waters, Author of "Fetch and Carry: A TrcatL-e 
on Retrieving." 
XV.— Breaking Shot, Breaking In, Chasing. 
The different manifestations of unsteadiness are termed 
breaking shot, breaking in, and chasing, and all have their 
origin in the desire of the dog to capture the bird. It 
is all quite in keeping .with the dog's nature, and his 
natural manner of acquiring possession of his prey. 
Breaking shot is when the dog breaks away at the report 
of the gun. Breaking in denotes that the dog, as the 
term signifies, breaks in and flushes the birds, either be- 
fore or after making a point, and chasing signifies ac- 
cording to its common meaning. 
The amateur, whose prejudgments are based on his 
own purposes as being the true data for estimating the 
dog's duties, is prone to consider the different forms of 
unsteadiness as manifestations of perversity or mali- 
cious harmfulness. From the dog's .standpoint, the handler 
has no more relevancj- in the pursuit of game than he 
vy'ould have in a bone which the dog might be gnawing. 
While the dog takes a certain degree of pleasure itr the 
pursuit of game, a material ptirpose, the capture of the 
prey, dominates, and thus his eager pursuit has a basis 
of self-interest. The latter must be preserved, there- 
fore it is seldom good training to attempt to check his 
unsteadiness too suddenly. It is better done by easy 
degrees, even if the dog is distinctly hard headed in his 
obstinacy. 
It is one of the easiest parts of the training to enforce 
when the trainer engages in it seriously, although it is 
one of the most difficult for the average shooter to en- 
force, on account of his failure to methodically control 
the dog by mechanical means. 
Some nice judgment should be exercised as to how 
much freedom to give the dog, on the scere of timidity, 
apathetic interest, natural indolence, etc. Some dogs, 
whose self-interest is exceptionally assertive, will hunt 
with the greatest enthusiasm for themselves, while ex- 
erting themselves with half-heartedness for their masters. 
Thus the matter of how nmch restraint shall be exercised 
is one of expediency, which must be determined by the 
good judgment of the trainer. 
AVhile giving the puppy's unsteadiness serious con- 
sideration, the amateur should avoid any exhibitions of 
it himself. If he breaks shot to capture a wounded bird, 
or manifests undue haste and excitement when in the 
vicinity of birds, it is unreasonable to expect steadiness 
under such circumstances on the part of the puppy, or 
indeed on the part of a thoroughly trained dog. The 
enormity of the offense as manifested by the puppy con- 
sists not so much in the error itself as in spoiling a slaot 
for the trainer. Most amateur trainers are more intent 
on the pleasures of the sport than on the advancement ( \ 
the dog's schooling, and therefore the error of the puppj- 
is in the nature of a personal injury to them. 
Chasing rabbits should be corrected first. Viewed 
from a schooling standpoint, the act may be a fault or not, 
accordingly as the dog may or may not need an incentive 
to effort. Timid dogs gain self-confidence and boldness, 
while lazy dogs acqture more industry and enthusiasm 
from indulging m it 
When the trainer attempts to teach the dog to forbear 
chasing, the theory is to make the act painful instead of 
pleasurable. The trainer proceeds to establish in the 
dog's mind an association of unpleasant ideas in refer- 
ence to the rabbit. This is quickly done by shooting a 
rabbit ahead of the dog, on favorable opportunity, of 
which many present themselves when a dog is addicted 
to the habit of chasing. The dog will manifest the great- 
est elation. However, the trainer fastens a checkcord to 
the dog's collar, and with the rabbit and whip in the 
left hand a good whipping is administered to him. At 
intervals, the rabbit is thrust in his face, the trainer at 
the same time exclaiming Hi! Hi! Hi! with some cuts 
of the whip sandwiched in. The dog credits all the hurts 
of the Avhip to the rabbit, and learns to associate it with 
pain accordingly. It is commonly held to be bad train- 
ing to shoot a rabbit ahead of a dog. It is so if one in- 
dulges in it with a thoroughly trained dog. Discrimina- 
tion between what encourages a dog to chase and what 
deters him from chasing should be considered. Shooting 
a rabbit ahead of a dog in pursuit of it, and punishing 
him for it, bring the act and the object indirect and pain- 
ful association. After a time, if the dog at the first view 
of a fleeing rabbit, forgets himself on the impulse of the 
moment, and starts to chase, the warning cry Hi! Hi! Hi! 
will check him, and on second thought he will desist. 
The punishment must be persisted in till the dog ignores 
the rabbit temptation reliably. 
The correction for unsteadiness in respect to shot 
and birds is also administered on the theory of associa- 
ting the errors Avith . pain, but in practice much more 
care needs to be exercised than in breaking the dog" of 
rabbit chasing. By injudicious punishment, it is quite 
as easy to teach the dog to forbear hunting birds at all as 
it is to forbear chasin-g rabbits. There is a degree of 
punishment which will deter the dog from chasing and 
breaking in; there is a further degree which will deter 
him from hunting at all, and there is still a further de- 
gree which will cause him to blink. He nev^r 55hoi44 
punished so severely or so persistently that he shows 
hesitation or loss of confidence in himself or handler. 
It is much better to make haste slowly, accomplishing 
advancement safelj-, step by step, than it is to take the 
chances of establishing all necessary steadiness in a 
moment or ruining all at tlie same time. 
Dogs of a sensitive, deferential disposition may be 
.steadied by the warning cry. Hi! Hi! Hi! and words of 
disapproval alone. On a dog of a bolder nature, the 
check cord is put while he is pointing, and when the birds 
rise he is permitted to dash forward fifteen or twenty 
feet before being snubbed and brought back to the place 
whence he started. 
Aged, experienced dogs which have become coniirnl^ld 
shot breakers may be dealt with still mote severely. 
A spike collar is effective in making a prompt cure of one 
of this kind. Place it upon his lleck when he is working. 
Tie the choke with a piece of twine, so that it will not slip 
backward and forward as a choke collar, tliiis resting on his 
neck in manner similar to his ordinary kennel collar. 
When he points, the trainer walks up to him quietly, 
fastens the check cord into his collar, adjusts it so it 
will uncoil freely, then shoots and permits the dog to 
run into the collar when he breaks shot. The impetus 
of the dog breaks the twine, and the collar theni hugs his 
neck tightly. The trainer forces him back to place with 
the collar and cord. Few dogs have the courage to 
break shot after two or three experienices with the collar 
applied in this manner. If the dog is self-willed and ob- 
stinate aboA'e the ordinary, it is better to engage the as- 
sistance of a clear-headed friend to do the shooting, while 
the trainer devotes all his attention to the dog. Play to 
give the dog every opportunity to break shot, and let 
him go to the full length of the check cord as often as 
he will do so. If he at length hesitates to break, the 
trainer by feigning to break shot himself may encourage 
him to do so, but at every offen,se he is brought back to 
place with a pull of the collar, and if necessary he is still 
further punished with the whip. The most resolute dog 
will not persist in lawless breaking away under such 
treatment, and it has the furtlter advantage of being- 
lasting in its effects. Concerning the use of the spike 
collar, the trainer will do well to read and heed the re- 
marks vipon its use presented in another chapter. 
100 Sportsmen's ?!na$. 
Some of the Qtteer Discoveries Made fay Those Who Are 
Looking for Game or Fish, 
Carping writers may question the pi^oprietoy of includ- 
ing here these fiends — §2 to 57 — on the ground that they 
relate to a period too remote and were hot the finds of 
fisliermen. But as to the time of their happening, be it 
said, for sttch incidents we must go back ji long way — out 
age is too prosaic for their like; and as to their ttot beiltg 
finds by sportsmen, what is there to show that the fisher- 
men who caught the several fishes Were ttot-ail true sports- 
men of the A'ery truest sOtt? 
52 
There are many legends paralleling the gospel story of 
Peter's finding the piece of money in the fish's mouth. 
Tims St. Cadoc, of Wales (sixth century), was walking 
one day with Glides, the historian, and, pittting his Virgil 
under his arm, began to weep at the thought that his 
beloved poet was even then perhaps with Satan and the 
lost. A gust of wind caused him to lift his arm, and, to 
his great grief, his book was blown out to sea. Next 
day a fisherman brought him a fine salmon for a present, 
and in its stomach was the lost Virgil, uninjured. 
53 
St. Benno, Bishop of Meissen, in Saxony (June 16. 
1106), left his see and went to Rome to avoid the perse- 
cution of the Emperor Henry IV., and ordered that the 
keys of his cathedral shotild be thrown into the sea when 
Henry was excommunicated. When he returned he found 
lliem in a fish. . 
54 
St. Egwin, Bishop of Worcester (Jan. 11. 720), wanted 
to ptmish himself for his worldly life when a youth, and 
put fetters on his feet, throwing the key into the sea. On 
his way back from Rome the seamen caught a huge fish, 
in whose stomach was the key, which the saint considered 
a sign that his penance was abridged, and he released 
himself. 
55 
St. Atilan, Bishop of Zamora (Oct. 5, loth century), 
wanted to surrender his bishopric, and threw his Episcopal 
ring into the Douro. But a fish brought it back to him. 
and he concluded that he should continue to bear his 
burden. 
56 
The salmon and the ring in the coat of arms of Scotland 
are explained by a remarkable legend. A young Scotch 
lady had dropped her ring into the Clyde, and her hits- 
band suspected her of having given it to a lover. St. 
Kenttgernor Alungo, Bishop, praj-ed for her on the river 
bank, and a salmon came up with the ring in his mouth. 
The BoUandists tell the story differently, not putting the 
lad^' in as innocent a light, though they state that she re- 
formed. 
57 
St. Maurillus, Bishop of Angers (Sept. 13, 5th century), 
is represented holding a fish out of whose mouth or 
gills keys protrude. The legend tells that he let a child 
die without baptism (others say confirmation), and was 
so convinced of his unworthiness as pastor that he fled 
to England, where he worked as a gardener. On his 
voyage he threw the keys of his cathedral (or of the 
reliquaries) into the ocean, but people following him 
caught a fish in whose stomach were the keys, and the 
sight of thean convinced him that he should go back. 
The Forest ahd Stream is put to press each w?ek on Tuesday. 
Correspondence intended for publication should reach vis at the 
— $ — 
Notice. 
.Ml communications intended for Forest and Stream should 
ulways be addressed to the Forest and Stream Publishing Co,, and 
not to any individual connected with the paper. 
'Mid Reef and Rapid ~V. 
SY F.^ R. WEBB. 
Nu two eruisers have Jiist tile &aMe Mefifi in fegafd tO 
equipments, or go oUt with exactly the same olttfit. One 
man scorns all stiperfluities and goes flying light in the 
matter of baggag-e. He folli; iiimfeelf in a single blanket 
and sleeps on tlie floor boards of his canoe; with a coat 
for a pillow and a rubber sheet thrown over a paddle laid 
lengthwise of the cockpit for a tent, perchance elevated 
at one end by being lashed to a mast if he has one; if 
not a couple of forked sticks will elevate it. He scorns 
a camp stove as tiseless lumber, and boils his coffee and 
fries nis bacon and eggs (upon which he chiefly lives 
Avhile on his cruise, for eggs may be procured at any 
farmhouse, and potatoes, onions, etc., are heavy and 
bulky) on a little bed of coals. 
He finds ample occupation on Sunday foreneorts in 
washing out the extra shirt, pair of socks and the couple 
of handkerchiefs he has burdened himself with, and in 
sci;aping the mud bff and datning the holes in his one 
pail' of tl-ottsei-84 
Another goes to tlie othet e-xtrenie, and loads his 
canoe down with superfluities. 1 have never actually 
cruised with a man who took a dress suit along, although 
1 have read of canoeintB Who did .§0; but l)'iled shirt.*^ 
have not been imknown ainong tile nlen 1 have Cruised 
with, and umbrellas, silk hats and feather pillows have 
1>een heard of in a canoeist's outfit 
A happy medium is the best plan. Camping, evei1 
under the most favorable circumstances, is roughing 
it, and all the little comforts and conveniences to which 
a man is accustomed at home are .§et aside for the tirtte 
being, and it is not advisable to gb to ibo great an (tX- 
treine and make too fadical a. change. Our party had 
pethapS rather moi"e conveniences and even llixuties tliaii 
most cruisers enjoy, but \ve had no trouble in finding 
stowage room for everything, and we have found that 
the carrying of them along With Us ttbt only entails no 
special incbnvenienee upon us, bitt adds greatly tb OUf 
Comfoi-t and pleasure; therefore we carry theM, 
There are three points upon which we insist oh being 
well provided. Thej'^ are, first, absolute protection from 
the weather day and night; second, good, wholesome,- 
abundant, Avell cooked food: third, good comfortable 
sleeping accommodations. 
In providing fot the fitst point We take plenty of 
clothing along — woolen by all tneans — consisting of one 
good stout Coat, two pairs of trousets, one of which 
at least must be shott, or Knickerbockers, and two pairS 
are better so that when making a morning start after a 
night's camp a dry . pair may be at hand to pUt on in 
case the pair worn the day before are wet. 
These short trousers, with long stockings and hob- 
nailed canvas shoes, are worn in the canoe while cruising. 
Two medium-Weight flannel shifts, one light ditto or 
pongee shirt to wear on the trip home or on occasion 
where anything in the nature of "dress up" is required' — 
extra .shirts, ties, etc., ate best preserved from "mUssing 
lip" or rumpling in the clothes bag when tightly rolled 
up in paper, as when they ate received from the furnish- 
ing store. I also carry an extra heavy flannel shirt to 
sleep in. but this may be dispensed with. 
Two changes of underwear in addition to the suit worn, 
two pairs of long heavy bicycle stockings, three pairs of 
socks (if a pair of long trousers be taken), and half a 
dozen handkerchiefs complete the equipment of cloth- 
mg. Ha^lf a dozen tow^els. a cake of soap in a tin box, 
a brush, comb and tooth brush in a leather case, and a 
small mirror make up the toilet articles. These latter, 
including one of the towels, are carried in one of the side 
pockets which are strung along under each side of the 
cockpit coaming — four on each side. A small water- 
proof bag will hold what stationery is required. Stamped 
envelopes will be found more convenient than the other 
kind, as loose stamps are apt to absorb moisture and stick 
together. 
A small muslin bag may be carried, in which is stowed 
a miscellaneous collection of odds and ends, such as 
needles, thread, thimble, pins, buttons, hooks and eyes, 
safety pins (both the latter articles are quite handy and 
useful for a variety of purposes), tape, small rubber 
bottle of ink, fountain pen, dropper for filling, etc., while 
in another small bag may be placed a stick or cake of 
shaving soap, razor, shaving brush (one that is re- 
versible, with brtish that can be screwed inside of handle 
is best), and leather strop rolled up and tied. 
All clothing-, towels, smoking materials (except a small 
temporary supply for present use, that may be carried in 
one of the cockpit pockets) and the two small bags just 
mentioned are carried in a round-bottomed, well-oiled 
bag of very light duck or heavy drilling 22in. long and 
42in. in. circumference, with a stout double drawn-string, 
in the top. This bag may be made by the canoeist him- 
self at a cost of about 25 cents. 
For Use in the canoe a helmet, either of straw or of 
cork, is worn, while a soft felt hat or yachting cap for 
shore use is a luxury which, once used, is appreciated. 
An extra heavy pair of stout leather shoes for shore use 
should be carried, and a light pair of low canvas rubber- 
soled tennis shoes or heavy slippers for camp use will 
be found well worth their slight weight and room. 
SoiTie protection from the weather is of course neces- 
sarjr. Some canoeists carry a suit of oiled muslin, con- 
sisting of coat and pants and a heavy sou'wester liat; 
and these are highly recommended by canoeing authori- 
ties. I used a suit_ of them for several seasons, but did 
not like them. Perhaps I may have been unfortunate in 
my choice of goods, but I found them very heavv. bulky, 
sticky and erenerally disagreeable; and I now use and 
much prefer a long, heavy rifljber coat for shore use. and 
a light cape of best quality heavy gossamer (which I had 
made with special reference to carrying on all day trout 
fi.sh-ing trips) for use in the canoe. An oiled caoc of 
