June 22, 1901.] 
FOHESr AND STREAM. 
493 
3, Seawanhaka Corinthian, Robert Center memorial cup races, 
Oyster Bay, Long Island Sound. r , j c j 
3 Manhasset Bay, special. Port Washington, Long Island bound. 
?>. Hull-Massachusetts, club, Hull, Mass. 
3. Savin Hill, club, Boston Harbor. 
3-5-7. New York, trial race to select cup defender, Newport. 
5, 6. Manchester. West Manchester, Massachusetts Bay. 
7. Misery Island, Salem Bay, Mass. 
7, 8. East Gloucester, Gloucester, Mass. 
7. East Gloucester, evening race, Gloucester, Mass. 
9, 10. Annisquam. Ipswich Bay, Mass. 
10. Beverly, Van Rensselaer cup, open. Monument Beach, 
10. Winthrop, class handicap, \Vinthrop, Mass. 
10. Westhampton C. C, association regatta. 
10. Brooklyn, Gravesend Bay. 
10. Shelter Island, open. 
10. Beverlj', Van Rensselaer cup, open, Marion. 
10. Hull-Massachusetts, club, Hull, Mass. 
10^ Bridgeport, antiual, Bridgeport, Long Island Sound. 
10. Horsehoe Harbor, annual, Larchmont, Long Island Sound. 
10. Bridgeport, special, Bridgeport, Long Island Sound. 
10. Seawanhaka Corinthian, sixth race for Center Island cup, 
Oyster Bay, Long Island Sound. 
10-15. Chicago, races for the Canada cup. Chicago, Lake Michigan. 
12. 13. American, Newburyport, Massachusetts Bay. 
17. Manhasset Bay, club series races for points; open to knock- 
abouts (21 and 18ft.), cabin and open catboats, bay boats, 
Manhasset raceabouts and sailing dories. Port Washing- 
ington, Long Island Sound. 
17. Shelter Island, club. 
17. Moriches, open. 
17. Wollaston, Quincy Bay, Boston Harbor. 
17. Corinthian, fifth club championship, Marblehead, Mass. Bay. 
17. South Boston, club handicap. City Point, Boston Harbor. 
17. New York, New York Bay. 
17. Winthrop, special handicap. Winthrop, Mass. 
17. Indian Harbor, annual, Greenwich, Long Island Sound. 
17. Seawanhaka Corinthian, seventh race for Center Island cup. 
Oyster Bav, Long Island Sound. 
17. Hull-Massachusetts, club, Hull, Mass. 
17. .Savin Hill, club,J3oston Harbor. 
17. Canarsie, Corinthfan regatta, Jamaica Bay. 
17. Columbia, Chicago, Lake Michigan. 
24 Shinnecock Bay, association regatta, Shinnecock Bay. 
24. Corinthian, sixth club charnpionship, Marblehead, Mass. Ba>, 
24. South Boston, ladies' day. City Point, Boston Harbor. 
24. Winthrop. class handicap, Winthrop, Mass. 
24. Hull-Massachusetts, club, Hull, Mass. 
26. Cape Cod, Provincetown, Mass. 
27. Weimeet, Wellfleet, Mass. 
29. Plymouth, Plymouth, Mass. 
30. Kingstown, Kingstown, Mass. 
31. DuxDury, Duxbury, Mass. 
31, Beverly, Corinthian, Monument Beach. 
31 Westhampton C. C, open. 
31. East Gloucester, club, Gloucester, Mass. • 
31 Marine and Field, Gravesend Bay. 
31. Shelter Island, Club. 
31. Hull-Massachusetts, club, Hull, Mass. 
31. Hartford, annual, Saybrook, Long Island Sound. 
31. Huntington, special, Huntington, Long Island Sound. 
31. Manhasset Baj', elub series races for points; open to knock- 
abouts (21 and 18ft.), cabin and open catboats, bay boats, 
Manhasset raceabouts and sailing dories, Port Washing- 
"ton. Long Island Sound. 
31. Larchmont, special, Larchmont, Long Island Sound. 
SEPTEMBER. 
2. Indian Harbor, special, Greenwich, Conn. 
2. Annisquam, open, Ipswich Bay, Mass. 
2. Beverly, open, Monument Beach. 
2. Duxbury, ladies' day, Duxbury, Mass. 
2, 3. Corinthian, a'uise, Marblehead, Massachusetts Bay, 
2. Lynn, Nahant, Massachusetts Bay. 
2. Gravesend Y. R. A., all classes, Gravesend Bay. 
2. Norwalk, special. South Norwalk, Long Island Sound. 
2 Sachem's Head, annual, Saybrook, Long Island Sound. 
2. Larchmont, fall regatta, Larchmont, Long Island Sound. 
2. Atlantic, special. Sea Gate, New York Bay. 
2. Pavonia, special, Bayonne, New York Bay. 
2. Canarsie, ladies' day, Canarsie, Jamaica Bay. 
2. Seawanhaka Corinthian, Oyster Bay, Long Island Sound. 
2. Burgess, Marblehead, Massachusetts Bay. 
2. Chicago, Chicago, Lake Michigan. 
3, .Shinnecock Bay, open, Shinnecock Bay. 
6, 6. Seawanhaka Corinthian, open special, Oyster Bay, L. I. 
Sound. 
7. Beverly, open, Ma.ttapoisett. 
7. Seawanhaka Corinthian, fall regatta. Oyster Bay, L. I. Sound. 
7. Atlantic, Sea Gate, New York Bay. . 
7. Lynn, Y. R. A., rendezvous. 
12. New York, autumn sweepstakes. New York Bay. 
14. Hull-Massachusetts, club, Hull, Mass. 
14. Brooklyn, fall regatta, Gravesend Bay, New York Bay. 
14. Larchmont, Larchmont, Long Island Sound. 
14. Indian Harbor, fall regatta, Greenwich,, Conn. 
14. Manhasset Bay, club series races for points; open to knock- 
abouts (21 and 18ft.), cabin and open catboats, bay boats, 
Manhasset raceabouts and sailing dories. Port Washing- 
ton, Long Island Sound. 
14. Atlantic, fall regatta. Sea Gate, New York Bay. 
21. America Cup race, Sandy Hook. 
21. New York C. C, fall regatta, Gravesend Bay. 
21. Manhasset Bay, fall regatta. Port Washington, L. I. Sound. 
21. Canarsie, commodore's cup races, Canarsie, Jamaica Bay. 
28. Manhasset Bay, fifth series race for Jacob cup, Port Washing- 
ton, Long Island Sound. 
Our Boston Letter. 
BosroN, .June i6. — Last week Independence wa.s put into 
Ihe drydock .hI'. the Charlestown Navy Yard, her balance 
rudder taken off and the sternpost rudder substituted. 
This was done becn'ise it was found that the halauce rud- 
der jammed so in the port when it was beitig turned tliat 
after having been turned to a certain angle it was very 
hard to get tlic" wheel further over. In other ways tiie 
balance rudder was success, btjt this feature would con- 
•iemn it- 
It simply shows that there are yet many experiments 
to be made before balance rudders can be used on large 
■sailing yachts. That they can be used has been shown 
in the trials of Independence. If ball bearings were put 
at the bottom of the rudder sleeve, when it was first put 
in. place, it is likely that there would have been no diffi- 
culty in turning the wheel in either direction, and a change 
in this direction would have overcome the fault at this 
tim.e; but as the tiirie is so short for the yacht to receive a 
proper tuning up, it was thought to be impracticable to 
experiment. 
There is another thing which would tell against the 
balance rudder. Although it would perhaps be. of great 
assistance in making quick tacks when sailing on the 
wind, it certainly creates a resistance when sailing off the 
wind, which does not help the speed of the yacht, and 
when any feature is not a help to a racing yacht, it be- 
comes a detriment to her speed. It is true that the 
balance rudder is more powerful than the sternpost rud- 
der m tlie proportion of its further position aft, but it is 
also true that the rudder kicks up more-^uss under the 
water when the yacht is sailing off the wind, and it is 
expected that most of the work of a racing yacht will be 
away from the wind or sailing by it. 
Another way of remedying the difficulty with the bal- 
ance rudder, and giving Ihe water a chance to flow 
properly around it. would be by attaching it to a skeg, but 
in the short time that is left before Independence gets 
down to hard racing, thi.s was thought to be impracticable 
and, besides, it is doubtful if a skeg could be put on 
which would stay throughout one race unless it were made 
so heavy as to put too mucli additional weigfht on the 
wrong part of the boat. So, the sternpost rudder has 
been substituted, which will be easier to handled, and 
under which, it is expected, that Independence, will work 
quick enough on the wind. 
Another thing that has been discovered in the trials 
of Independence is that she has been a bit tender. Her 
rig is too lofty and she thereby sustains too great weight 
aloft. In ah of her trials she has been sailed in very 
light airs, except, possibly the day on which she took her 
involuntary jibe. Under these conditions she appeared 
to be very satisfactory, but it was seen by those on board 
that she might be at a disadvantage if she should run 
up agaiiLst a strong breeze. To reduce this weight aloft, 
5ft. have been cut off the mast and 6ft. from the topmast. 
Two and a half feet will be cut from the head of the 
mainsail, from the leach to the luff', and a sweep will be 
taken out of the throat of the sail to make the head fit the 
gaft' and also to get more draft in the luff. 
When one thinks of reducing the total length of the 
spars lift, the thought generally follows that her rig will 
be greatly reduced, but such is not the case. Tier head- 
flails, of course, will be cut to trim right, but only enough 
for this pttrposc. In all only about 200 sq. ft. will be 
taken from the area of the lower sails. As the total area 
of the lower sails is 10,981 sq. ft., it can be seen that the 
reduction is very slight, and so far as sails go. would not 
be noticed by even the most expert. With the spars it will 
be different. The Oregon pine topmast, which has been 
substituted for the spruce one. and 6ft. shorter, will look 
very dumpy in proportion to the length of the mainmast. 
This appearance was noted in the old topmast, but in the 
new one it will be still greater, and the spar will appear 
very short indeed when she is under sail again. 
If it had been possible, Mr. Crowninshield would have 
greatly desired to keep the rig as it was and put in extra 
ballast; but. as Independence has been floating very close 
to 90ft. on the waterline, this could not be done. In ma- 
king the changes above mentioned, the weight of the rig 
aloft is reduced without materially changing the sail plan, 
and the weight thus taken is equivalent to many more 
pounds of lead stowed in her keel. 
The conflict between the Hull-Massachusetts Y. C- and 
the Burgess Y. C, _of Marblehead. has resulted just as 
your correspondent predicted early in the year. The con- 
flict comes in the Y. R. A. classes. In both clubs classes 
are provided for the Y. R. A. 25-footers and 21-footers 
for June 17. The members of the Hull-Massachusetts Y. 
C. contend that they have tried to go half way with the 
Marblehead yachtsmen in the matter, but with no suc- 
cess. In consequence, the difference in the prizes offered 
by each club for the contested classes is of interest. The 
Burgess Y. C.'s race is a club affair. The prizes for tlir 
25-footers is $10 and for the 21-footers $5. The race of 
the Hull-Massachusetts Y. C. is an open event. The 
prizes for the 25-footers are $50. $25 and $10. Those for 
the 21-footers are $40. $20 and $ro. 
The Regatta Committee of the Eastern Y. C. is making 
great efforts to have the annual open race on June 29 a 
success. The prizes are cash and of very sulistantial 
amounts. The feature of the races will be the admitting 
of yachts under 30ft. racing length. No yachts can be 
enrolled in the Eastern Y. C. which are not over .30ft., but 
for the open race two .special classes are provided — one 
-for yachts between: sgft. and 3Sft. waterline, and the other 
for yachts between 24ft. and 29ft. waterline. In both of 
these classes a first prize of $50 is offered. If four or more 
yachts start in either class, a second prize of $ro will be 
given. In the larger classes the prizes run from $150 to 
$50 for the schooners and sloops, with proportionate sec- 
ond and third prizes should the entries warrant them. 
The Regatta Committee is trying in every way to reach 
the yachtsmen and there should be a good fleet of starters 
lined up at the races. 
At Lawlcy"s most of the yachts have been finished and 
have left the basin. The 86ft. steamer, designed by 
Arthur Binney for C. B. Borland, had her trial trip last 
week, in which she developed over fifteen knots. The 
Wiggin Y. R. A. 21-footer. which was designed by Fred 
Lawley. has been launched. She is a very clean looking 
boat, and should make a good showing in her class. The 
interior of the Eno r2oft. steam yacht is being finished up. 
The Crane 70ft. steam yacht is nearly plated. The Binney 
70ft. steam yacht received her boilers last week. Fred 
Lawley has an order to design a 56ft. schooner for New 
York parties. 
Most of the yacht clubs have taken advantage of (he two 
holidays and the half holiday to make cruises. Some 
of them have arranged elaborate nrogrammes witii racing 
runs each day. The Boston Y. C. will cruise to Marble- 
head and Gloucester, the Soirth Boston Y. C. to Marble- 
head and the Winthrop will go on a blind cruise. Most of 
the smaller clubs in Dorchester Bay are also on cruises. 
John B. Killeen. 
Constitution's Breakdown* 
Editor Forest and Stream: 
For many years I have been a sailor, but I am not a 
yachtsman, and do not profess to know much about yacht- 
ing. At the same time, I am greatly interested in the 
forthcoming contest for the America Cup, and read all 
that I can about the vessels likely to compete for it. 
I am greatly impressed by the fact that recently several 
of these boats have been disabled in what appears to be 
moderate weather, and under circumstances which seem to 
show that they are carrying far too much sail and are * 
fitted out with spars that are far too weak. Is it not the 
fact that, in the effort to turn out a vessel which shall win 
the Cup. designers arc sacrificing everything to speed, and 
are trying to construct mere racing machines of no use 
n_or interest to any one except for the purposes of this 
contest? Is this a desirable thing? Is it calcidated to 
benefit the sport of yachting, or indeed to do any good 
thing — except gratify national pride? 
It used to be said — and perhaps still is — that horse 
racing is carried on for the improvement of the horse, and 
perhaps incidentally the horse has been improved within 
the last 200 years by his use on the track, though I fancy 
something could be said on the other side of the question. 
That the sport of yachting has a distinct service to 
perform for the country in training up men and boys to 
know something of the sea is undoubted, but are our ves- 
sels improved by the construction of modern type? Is our 
knowledge of naval architecture advanced bv the build- 
ing of racing machines like those of the present day? 
- " L Querist, 
The Canada's Cup Challengers. 
There are three Canadian candidates for Canada cup 
honors— Invader, built at Oakvillc, Ont., from the designs 
of Messrs. Sibbick Bros., of Cowes, England, for the 
Gooderiiam syndicate of the Royal Canadian Y. C, 
Toronto, the challengers for the cup; Canadian, built at 
Hamilton by Mr, J. H. Fearnside, Rear-Commodore of 
the Royal Hamilton Y. C, and Beaver the unsuccessful 
defender of the Canada cup in 1899, now owned and sailed 
by Dr. A. H. Garratt and others, of Toronto. 
Beaver is already well known in the yachting world. 
She lost the cup to Genesee, but Canadians are still con- 
fident that had there been anything better than an eight- 
mile breeze for the cup races the Hanley centerboarder 
would have sailed home without the trophy. Beaver was 
designed by A. E. Payne, of Southampton, England, and 
is wonderfully smart in a breeze. She carried a tiny top- 
sail in the Canada cup races, but has dispensed with this 
piece of canvas and added 30olbs. of lead to her ballast, 
reducing her to her original form — a plain jib and mainsail 
sloop, 45ft. over all. 29ft. on the waterline, 9ft. 4^in. 
beam, 6ft. 3in. draft and with a sail area of 1,335 sq. ft. 
She is sailing better in this, her third season, than she 
did in her first, and will prove an excellent trial boat in 
the forthcoming tests. ^The trial races will be held off 
Toronto Island, commencing in the last week of June or 
the first week of July. The Hamilton men favor the 
later date, but the Toronto men are afraid that it will not 
leave them sufficient time before the finals at Chicago. 
Invader is, without doubt, the finest specimen of the 
35ft. semi-fin keel sloop ever seen on Lake Ontario. A 
wondrful amount of cutting away has been done to her 
model. The after edge of the fin, instead of being 
straight, so as to carry the rudder stock, is curved away in. 
The lead bulb is longer than the base of the fin, pro- 
jecting at least a foot beyond it aft. The ballast is in 
the form of a straight slab, the forward end being the 
wider and deeper. The overhangs are very long. There 
is a curious pinching-in apparent in the lines of the bow, 
and, viewed from below and slightly abeam, there appears 
to be somewhat of a hvimp in the quarters. This dis- 
appears when the boat is viewed on the level. The gen- 
eral profile of the craft is very pleasing, although she has 
rather more sheer than would be expected for the amount 
of her side. Her greatest freeboard is 34in. and her least 
is 20 in. 
The sail plan is generous, the high peaked mainsail con- 
taining 1,105.5 sq. ft., according to the blueprint, while 
the jib has 378 sq. ft. The mainsail has a hoist of 31ft.. 
and the boom is 38ft. long and the gaff 26ft. The base of 
the forward triangle is 21ft. 6in., the mast being .stepped 
15ft. from the stem head, and the bowsprit being 6ft. 6in. 
outboard. The mast is a beautiful hollow spar, with only 
a %in. shell of wood left. It is so light that one man 
lifted it easily and only two men were required to carry 
it around. 
Invader is 49ft. 6in. over all, 28ft. on the waterline, 9ft. 
4''n. beam, and 6ft, 6in. draft. Her sail area is 1,483 sg. ft. 
She has 6,ooolbs. of lead ballast. She is built of British 
Columbia cedar, without a knot. Her frames are rock 
elm and her stem is oak. Her keelson and fin are of 
pitch pine. The covering board, coamings and deck fi-x- 
tures are of mahogany. She has a balanced rudder. 
The Duggan centerboarder Toronto, built in defense 
of the Canada cup in 1899, has been turned into a house- 
boat. Much of her gear has been used in fitting out In- 
vader. 
During the second week in June the new boat was sailed 
frequently by Com. Gooderham, of the Royal Canadian 
Y. C, and by the end of the week she was getting into 
shape. Her first spins were all light-weather trials. She 
met Beaver occasionally, and proved superior to her in 
sailing on an easy bowline and with a beam breeze. On a 
close haul, during the earlier trials, she was decidedly 
inferior to Beaver, the latter pointing as high and out- 
footing her. The improper set of Invader's canvas, owing 
to her not having her proper gaff and boom, was re- 
sponsible for this. Some fear, however, has been c.k- 
])res.sed that the extreme amount of cutting away in In- 
vader's fin has so reduced the area of lateral resistance 
that she slides to leeward a little more than a keel sloop 
should. While she draws 3in. more than Beaver, there is 
much less of her under water, her fin being very much 
shorter. 
Canadian, the Hann'ltnii boat, is a curious craft, with 
fajriy sliarp bows, slightly flaring sides, square bilges 
from stem to transom, a concave bottom, and a fin keel. 
I ler bottom is not arched up very highly, the upward 
curve from the bilge to the keel being about 4in. Her 
deck has considerable crown, and she has an immense 
amount of room in her body. She is built of cedar, 
with an oak framework. Like Invader, she is sloop 
rigged. Canadian is what her name indicates. Her de- 
signer, the Rev. P. J. O'Brien, a Roman Catholic priest, 
is. if not a Canadian, a Newfoundlander. Her owner and 
builder is Mr. J. H. Fearnside. of Hamilton ,a well-known 
Lake Ontario yachtsman. Her material — sails and rig- 
ging — are all products of the Land of the Maple. Father 
O'Brien claims great things for the concave bottom, and 
it is a fact that one of his yachts, built on this model, 
proved superior to Herreshoff creations. The principle 
appears to be that the water rushing under the concave 
bottom acts as a spring, lifting the yacht and driving her 
forward. That it has been successfully demonstrated in 
Canadian's case is perhaps saying too much, for the boat 
has not had a chance to show her capabilities yet. She 
has been taking trial spins under the canvas of the 35- 
footer Nadia, and has shown great speed. Perhaps the 
most prominent fact brought out so far has been that no 
matter how hard she is driven, she still parts and leaves 
the water with wonderful cleanness. Toronto men look 
upon Invader as sure to be selected as the cup challenger, 
but Hamilton men are just as confident of Canadian. As 
a matter of fact, both have been shown to be smart — that 
is all. There have been no opportunities of judging the 
two together. It is expected that Canadian's own canvas, 
which is being made by a Toronto firm, will be ready thi.s 
week. 
The approximate dimensions of the Hamilton craft are ; 
Length over all. 47ft. ; load waterline. 29ft ; beam, slightly 
over loft. ; draft, about 6ft.; sail area, 1,400 sq. ft. The 
wildest st»ries have been afloat about the boat's model 
and dimensions. She has been described as a double- 
Imlled crsift with two centerboarcjs, set in the bilges on the 
