July 27, 1901.J 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
75 
Western Yachts, 
First Trial Races, Canada Cop Defenders. 
Cnic.AGO, July 20, 11 A. M.— The first of the trial races 
for defenders of the Canada cup will be sailed this after- 
noon around a triangular course of twenty-one nautical 
miles. Weather is bright and fair, and jhe likelihood is 
that easterly and southeasterly winds will prevail, with a 
probable velocity of eighteen or twenty miles, barring 
changes in the weather conditions dtiring the next few 
hours. 
There are nine boats scheduled to start this afternoon— 
Minota, of Chicago, sldpper, Dr. Pinckard; Detroit, of 
Detroit, Mich., skipper, A. I. McLeod; Illinois, of Chi- 
cago, skipper, G. M. Pynchon ; Orion, of Milwaukee, 
skipper., R. Hilbert; Briar, of Chicago, skipper, not de- 
ilej-miraeid at this writing; Cadillac, of Detroit, skipper, 
CiGam. Shaw; Prairie, of Chicago, skipper. D. V. Griffiths; 
Milwaukee, of Milwaukee, skipper, W. Davis; Yanlcee, of 
(Chicago, skipper, W. H. Thompson. 
History of tfae Boats. 
Of the starters to-day. five boats are owned in Chicago, 
two in Milwaukee and two in Detroit. Of the entire 
fleet, Cadillac is the hot favorite, her performances, as 
gauged by the meager opportunities of the past few days. 
" seeming to give the local men a very good jmpression of 
her speed. The presence of Mr. Hanley, builder of 
Cadillac and of Genesee, last year's winner, is something 
to add to the general belief that Cadillac has the best show 
in the fleet to-day. 
Prairie and Briar, built for the 1899 races, do not appear 
to awaken much enthusiasm, and of the local boats, 
Illinois, the Crowninshield boat, which has been here 
since May, is the favorite, although there is nothing to 
indicate that Illinois has as yet had its best hau'dling or 
made its best possible showing. 
Minota, which was built in Canada in 1899, was bought 
■by Dr. Pinckard, of Chicago, that year and brought to 
'Chicago. Minota was badly beaten by Beaver, the Can- 
adian champion, and there was nothing on the face of its 
•performances to indicate that it was a winner. There 
are those among Chicago yachtsmen who fancy that 
Minota has not had its best possible handling. The boat 
was docked and pot-leaded this week. There is talk that 
Minota will not qualify under the 35ft. measurements. 
Yankee, of Chicago, is a syndicate boat which thus far 
has proven rather a disappointment. Attempts have been 
made to bring it under the measurement rules for the cup 
defenders, but it is likely that the boat is not down to 
rule even yet. It will not be measured until the conclusion 
of the races to-day, where perhaps its showing may war- 
rant the trouble of measurement. 
Orion, of Milwaukee, is not at this writing considered 
much of a factor in the race to-day. Milwaukee, the sec- 
ond boat from the Cream City, is fancied v&ry much. 
Milwaukee is of Skow type, as is Detroit, and the owners 
of these boats claim that they can take any kind of sea 
wliich ma.y show. 
The Detroit men have evidently come here with the in- 
tention of capturing the honors. Com. Shaw, of Detroit 
Y, C, owns Cadillac. He is by this time well acquainted 
with the boat, and it is pretty well agreed that, although 
other boats may be a trifle faster running, no yacht here 
makes so good an appearance on the wind or is so fast in 
stays. Tlie crew of Cadillac, as well as that of the other 
Detroit boat, are picked men, and although they have 
not been in possession of their craft in either case very 
long, It is thought that they are able seamen enough to 
master the individual peculiarities of their boats, and that 
lliey will' sail a perfect race this afternoon. The Chicago 
■ crews have had ample opportunity to learn the idiosyn- 
. crasies of their respective boats. Some money is going up 
on Illinois this afternoon, but the local enthusiasm is not 
very much in evidence, it being at this writing all Cadillac. 
Favorites have been beaten, however, and a few hours' 
,we shall see how it goes with this favorite. 
The judges for to-day are the mehibers of the Canada 
•cup committee, Mr. J. Berriman, G. Warrington and Ed 
Rosing. The time gun will be fired at 12 o'clock nooii, 
idle preparatory gun at 12:20, the starting gun at 12:30. 
The Raie in Brief. 
Both the unexpected and the expected happened. Cadil- 
lac, the Detroit boat, made a splendid showing. Milwau- 
kee, which was expected to give a good account of itself, 
did better than was thought probable, and defeated the 
favorite by a close margin after a very interesting race. 
The first leg- of the twenty-one mile triangle was a 
beat to windward. The second leg was a run with the 
wind slightly on the quarter, which was practically the 
condition in the last leg. At the second turn Milwaukee 
began to show as a very good possibility. The last leg 
and the fmish offered plenty of exciting sport. Two-thirds 
down this leg a Grand Haven steamer came along over the 
course and blanketed the two leading boats, Cadillac and 
Milwaukee, The last portion of this leg was a luffing 
match between the two, and at this work Milwaukee, 
lipautifuUy handled, had the better of her rival, crossing 
I lie line winner by a scanty margin. 
Illinois, the local favorite, made a gallant enough 
struggle, but the impression to-night is that she has no 
special show against either of the two out-of-town boats, 
The end, however, 'is not yet. 
The wind to-day was fairly good on the second and 
I iiird leg of the triangle, but the start was tame, with light 
;airs. Time : 
Minota 12 31 31 2 05 00 4 10 00 
Uetioit 12 35 05 2 11 10 4 11 10 
Jllinois 12 31 00 2 03 35 3 OS 15 4 01 50 
■drioii 12 3133 2 13 14 4 25 30 
-Briar 12 33 02 .... 
CadiUac 12 31 50 1 57 58 2 57 55 ~ 3 52 32 
Prairie 12 36 30 2 26 00 4 24 57 
Milwaukee 12 32 12 2 01 03 2 58 SO 3 50 55 
Yankee 12 34 30 4 33 50 
The Race in Detail. 
The Chicago favorite, Illinois, was first over the line, 
with Orion, Minota and Cadillac close after and so well 
bunched that a foul was feared. Milwaukee came 60s. 
after Cadillac, then Briar, Yankee, Detroit and Prairie. 
.Praific started tmder mainsail, jib, jib staysail and jili 
topsail. There was not air enough alow or aloft to war- 
rant the supposition that the boats would finish within 
the time limit. The time on the first le^ was slow, every- 
thing going close hauled and praying for a wind. 
Illinois stood out in the lead, Milwaukee working into 
second place. At 12:41 Illinois came about. Her chances 
were well liked at this time and she seemed still to have 
something of a show, when the wind shifted and increased 
to double its original velocit}^ Minota began to make a 
good impression at this point. Detroit and Yankee fol- 
lowing after, far to the leeward, werg not considered 
factors on the first leg, although Detroit at 12:46 came 
about on the port tack and sailed across Yankee's bow. 
The latter named boat theneefcjrward had little rating in 
the race. 
Cadillac, under the freshening wind, began to foot it 
nicely, and showed in the lead, but the square-nosed side- 
walk from Milwaukee liked these light airs and declined 
to be denied, working up so close upon the Detroit 
crackerjack that even at this early stage of the race it 
was seen that the chief interest would center between 
Cadillac and Mihvaukcc. Detroit was so far to Icewrad 
that it was hard to figure her chandes, although she' sported 
a lot of canvas and behaved very prettily. Detroit at one 
time had a little trouble with her peak halyards, but the 
trifling .accident was soon overcome. 
At 1 143 Cadillac came about on the statbbard tack and 
ran again close hauled. Five minutes later she again came 
about, Milwaukee stiU standing on the starboard tack. 
The wind was now light, from E.S.E. Cadillac with a 
short tack went around the first mark at r :57. and imme- 
diately broke out balloon jib, reaching with mainsail and 
balloon jib to port. Milwaukee made the first mark at 
2:01, and at once followed suit with balloon jib and set 
out after the ilect-footed Detroit racer. Illinois, making 
a very good shoAving, came about at 2 :o3. and smartly set- 
ting her balloon jib, trailed in behind Milwauk-ee. Minota, 
the underestimated Canadian boat, came in fourth and 
Detroit fifth. Detroit sprung a balloon jib which threat- 
ened to do all .sorts of things to the others, since it con- 
tained a thousand square feet of canvas. Orion, Prairie. 
Briar and Yankee came abont in order named. The times 
at the first mark were as below: 
Stai-t. 1st Mark. Elapsed. 
Cadillac 12 ;3l 50 1 57 58 1 2t> 08 
Milwaukee 13 32 50 2 01 03 '1 28 13 
Illinois .]2 31 00 2 03 30 1 32 35 
Minota 12 31.31 2 05 00 1 33 29 
Detroit 12 35 05 2 )1 10 1 36 05 
Orion 12 31 33 2 13 14 1 42 41 
Prairie 12 36 30 2 26 00 1 49 30 
Yankee 12 34 30 
r.riar 12 33 .02 . - 
The Second Leg. 
Starting ctown the reach on tlie second leg, the boats 
at fii-st had very little air to encotirage them, but soon a 
stiffish breeze from the south came up and they began 
to bowl along in something like yachting fashion. De- 
troit, under her big canvas, took kindly to this sort of 
thing, and set a hot pace. Milwaukee pushed her flat nose 
along merrily enough, and at this going it was seen that 
she was cr.awling up on Cadillac. The times at the second 
mark: 
1st Buoy. 2d Buor. Elapsed. 
'Cadillac 1 57 58 2 57 55 0 59 57 
Mahvaukee 2 01 03 2 58 30 0 57 27 
Illinois 2 03 35 3 08 15 1 04 40 
The Finish. 
- When it was noticed that Milwaukee 'had actually 
gained on Cadillac in the second leg, the stock in the 
former boat took a sudden boom, for the conditions on the 
last leg wer« much the same as those of the second. What 
might have been the case had the breeze .stiffened up con- 
siderably cannot be determined, but under the existing 
conditions Milwaukee crowded up and up on Cadillac, un- 
til it was uncertain from the judges' boat which boat really 
led. At 3:15 Milwaukee tried to blanket Cadillac; and 
the latter promptly returned the compliinent, there ensuing 
a tidy little luffing match at this stage of the race. MiK 
waukee fell slightly off to leeward. Cadillac broke out a 
spinaker to port, a bad maneuver, since it did not fill and 
was lowered in a few moments. Both boats were at this 
stage handicapped by a lake steamer which passed along 
to windward of them and blanketed both. Cadillac seemed 
to gain way the earlier, after the steamer had passed, 
though Milwaukee, after a similar troublesome experience 
with a spinaker, soon set her jib and began to folloAv hard 
on the Detroit boat. A fresh wind came along at this 
moment, most luckily for Milwaukee. Well heeled over, 
the big platform came pushing on with an unexpected 
speed and laid a straight course across Cadillac's bow, 
thus for the first time taking first place in the race. 
The actual times of the three leading boats on the last 
leg were as folloAvs: 
2d Buov. l~ini,sli. Elapsed. 
Milwaukee 2 58 30 3 50 55 0 52 25 
Cadillac 2 57 55 3 52 22 0 54 27 
Illinois : 3 OS 15 4 01 50 0 53 35 
The victory of Milwaukee was, of course, received 
with applause, although there are not lacking yachtsmen 
who do liot rejoice in the victory of this scow, sidewalk, 
raft or square-nosed type of boat. Milwaukee is a racing 
machuie pure and simple, designed to get the best of the 
rules and to win this competition if it be a possible thing. 
She had to .shorten boom and gaft' in order to get in under 
the measurement. Her skipper, W. S. Davis, admits that 
the conditions to-day were quite to Milwaukee's liking, 
but he says that he can show a thing or two even in stiffer 
wind than this. It cannot be said that Milwaukee's vic- 
tor}' to-day has made- her favorite for the place of final 
winner and cup defender. Cadillac perhaps remains the 
betting favorite to-night, and Illinois lias moved up into a 
better position than was accorded her before the race, 
although not to the rank of popitlar favorite. Com, Shaw 
announces himself as full of confidence for the next trial 
and hopes that there will be a bit better wind, so that his 
boat may get what he considers a real trial of a sailing 
yacht. 
The Second Trial Race. 
The second trial race of the series will be sailed Mon- 
day, nine knots to windward and return. 
E. PIoUGH. 
Haktvoxo Bvildimo, Cbicago. III. 
Small Yacht Construction and 
Rigging* 
BY UNION HOPE. 
Chapter IX — Caulking, Stopping and Painting. 
TuK .seani.s of tti(- plankinK and deck, when the. latter is not 
canva.sed, shoidd be caulked with cotton, which may be_ obtained 
in balls ready for use from the ship chandler, or yacht fitter. ' 
(io over the .seam to be caulked with a small caulking iron, so 
as to ojicn it .suflieicntly to receive the cotton. Then, starting 
at one end of the boat, drive the cotton into the seam, twisting 
it lightly a,s you dr'.ve it in, and taking care not to bruise the 
edges of the seam. When drivin.e: iu the cotton, place the caulk- 
ing iron Across the yarn and draw it over the seam, leaving a 
little slack Ijetwecn each drive of the iron, .so that at lirst the 
}'arn appears to be m short loop'fe in the seam. These loops 
are then driven in, and the whole hardened down with a narrow, 
liollow-edgcd iron, which wdl level the cotton and leave the 
scam ready for stopping. Do not drive the cotton in too tightly, 
especially ulien first working it along the seam, or you may force 
it through the planking. .V well-made, seam shotdd show a smoollr 
sutfacc of hard cotton, about an eighth of an inch below the 
surface of ihe planking. It is important that the cotton should 
be as even as possible and free from tumps. These can only be 
avoided by care iu placing the cotton in the seam when starting 
and hardening it evenly. Oakum is used for large seams, where 
it can be di'ivcn tightly, but is not suitable for small yacht work. 
It is also much more trouble to prepare and to use. 
There is a good deal of knack in caulkin.g, and it will be found 
very tedious at lirst; but it should be done carefully, or it will 
not be of much use. If the seams are lo be payed, or fdled, with 
marine glue, the caulking iron should be difipcd in naphtha; but 
if orditiary putty or white-lead stopping is used, then, raw linseed 
oil is the b( St to keep the iron from sticking. 
When all the seams; of tlie planking and deck are properly 
caulked, they and all nail lieads and cracks and holes of all 
soi'ls must he fdled wilh slopping of soine sort,, all the nails 
having been previously punched in about %in. below the surface 
of the wood, a heavy hammer or "holder on" being held inside 
while each nail is punched. 
l^or all paiulcd or varnished work, where oil stopping or putty 
"is used, n coat of priming paint or varnish must be given before 
I ho seams and holes arc stopped, and the priming or varnish 
must be well rubbed into all the places where the stopping is to 
go- W'hen this coat is dry get some putty, colored to match the 
wood if it is to be varnished (always bearing in mind that the 
wood will darken with age), or plain white putty if it is to be 
painied. Foiec the stopping well into the seam or hole, and 
scrape off the surplus with the- putty-knife. Leave it to harden 
a night, and next day rub it down with glass paper, which should 
first be rubbed over with whitening, to prevent the stopping 
slicking to it. The woi'k is now ready for ijainting, but before 
S|iea!cin.g of this I will explain the method of paying the deck 
scams with marine glue. 
.TelTery's marine glue is sold l>y all ship and yacht chandlers, 
and is in. a solid mass in small wooden boxes, from which it 
nnist be broken wilh a hammer, as required. Tt is then melted 
ui an iron i)Ot or pilch kettle oyev a slow fire, great care being 
taken that it does not bum, a.s it wjl] .^poil it completely if it is 
overheated. 
.V warm dry day should be' chosen, if possible, for this work, as 
the glt;e will keep fluid nnich longer t:h;m on a cold day. It is 
dipped .out til the melting pot with a long spouted pitch ladle, 
and poured carefully into each seam, drawing the ladle along 
the seam at such a pace that the glue runs out and just fills the 
siani. When all the .seams are payed, potu- water over the seams 
lo liarden litem, and then scrape off all the sitperfluous glue 
with a shani scrajier. T^ook ■ carefully for any "holidays" or gaps 
in the glue, and jiay these over again, and after a final scraping, 
plane up the whole deck. rubbin.g the bottom of the plane with 
nai)hlh:i to nreveni the glue from sticking to it. 
A well laid deck, such as I have described, should be kept 
scrubbed, and not varnished; but if scrubbing cannot be done 
often enough to keep it white, it will be better to varnish it. 
.MI the teak work alunU the deck should be kept varnished, and 
it will form a good contrast to the ' White scrubbed pine, and 
black glue ihe se.'ims. 
When painting nr varnishin^f the boat, use • none ■ but the best 
p.-iint and varni.sh, which should be specially prepared foc yacht 
work, to stand the water. ' 
At least lour coat.s of paint should be used over the priming 
coat and slopping, wilh a linal coat of varnish, or paint and 
varnish mi.xcd. If the w<udc is to be varnished only, it will take 
six coats lo get a .gooil body and surface, and it is very false 
economy to stint (be paint and varni.sh on a new boat, as, if she 
once gets bare and the weather .gets in-to the wood, it can never 
be got right again. • 
Llefore putting on a coat of paint or Tarnish, the last coat 
must be rubbed over wilh whitening, and well rubbed down with 
fine glass paper; du^t it ofl' thoroughly with a clean dry brush, 
and wipe over wilh a, dam|) chamois leather, and apply the 
paint or varnish al once. 
Paint should be laid on thin and well rubbed in with the 
brusli, finishing as .smoothly and vvith as few .brush marks as 
possible; but varni.sh must be laid on thickly, and then rubbed 
m with tlic brush till it can hardly be moved; but though it is 
laid oil thickly il must never be allowed to run into streaks, and, 
above all, see there is no dust about, and that the atmosphere 
is not cold or damp, or it will never dry with a good gloss. 
The bottom of the boat .should l)e primed, as .described above, 
but with three coats instead of one. (Ivor the priming there 
should be two coats of anti-fouling composition. 
There are many kinds of anti-fouling paints, and of these I 
should recommend either ]51ake's "Algycide" or Jesty's Compo- 
sition. Both of these are applied like ordinary [laint, and last 
very well. 
The best coating of all, for. salt water or fresh, is copper pow- 
der, but it is expensive and troublesome to use. When properly 
put on, it is exactly like copper sheathing and keeps bright of 
Itself in sail water, with a perfect .surface, 'the copper powder 
can be bou.aht at any good oil and Color shop, and is used just 
like gold leaf; th.Mt is lo say, after the bottom has been primed 
and rubbed down lo a smooth surface, a (bin coat of best varnish 
. is put in tu the hei.ght to which it is intended to carry the cop- 
per, then wIku the v.arnish is almost dry, or "tacky," Ihe copper 
poivder is a puiied _ with a. pad or. .soft brush til! all the varni.sh 
is covered, when it is softly brushed all over, till it is worked 
into the varnish, and a smooth surface is obtained, like a .sheet 
of metal. When the lirst coat is quite hard, a second and thiwl 
coat is put fin in the same way, and with three coats properly 
a]>i.ilied a lioat .should be all right for three months. 
lilack leail is applied iu the same way as the copper powder, 
but it is hardly so .good a surface; it is nor an anti-fouler, and, of 
course, docs not looh so well, though mnc]i cliea|ier. 
Various enamels and black varnislieji are iise'd for the bottoms 
of racing boats; th-ey all require a lot of attention, and do not 
prevent weeds or liaruaeles growing; IlKuigh they have a very 
fine gloss when freshly put on. 
When painting, or varnishing, always use as large .a brush as 
possible, and one ital has been used a little and got into' good 
working order. A go;>d plan is to buy good second-hand brushes 
from the local painter, if he can be persuaded to sell them, as 
they are worth a lot more than new ones, if they have been 
well broken in. 
Sec that youi" paint ha_s .plenty of oi! in it, and not too much 
turpentine, .'ind Hint it is fairly thick; but thoroughly strained 
throu,gh muslin, and free from sUin and lumps. 
Never attempt lo paint in the open air unless it is a, fine, 
warm, dry day, and do not paint or varnish after about two 
hours before sunset, or the work will be spoiled by the dew and 
cold air. Frost will prevent any paint or varnish drying properly. 
It is u.s_ual to have a n.arrow gold Hue round the boat just under 
the covcrin.u board, if there are_ no bulwarks. It is in a shallow 
hollow moulding or groove which is worked in the top strake 
wilh a- small round plane. The. line is marked out with a long 
batten tackid to the planking, and this batten acts as a guide 
to the plane. The groove should he rubbed down smooth with 
glass-paper, and primed like the rest of ihe boat, and when all 
hard and dry it is gilded. 
To prepare it for gilding the whole of that part of the paint or 
varnish work is dusted over with whitening to prevent the gold 
leaf sticking, and the part to be gilded is painted in with .gold 
size and yellow ochre. When the gold size is nearly dry gold 
leaf is applied, and adheres to the "tacky" gold size, but not to 
the rest of the boat where the wdiitening is. It is rubbed lightly 
into the hollow with a pad of cotton wool or a soft brush, and the 
surplus dusted off when it is all hard and dry. 
Gold leaf can be bought in small books, with each leaf on a 
sheet of waxed paper, to enable it to be easily handled. A coat 
ol varnish preserves the gold leaf, but spoils the brightness 
considerably. 
