S£6 
FOREST AMD STHEAM. 
doubtless, somewhere within its depths, found the accus- 
tomed abiding glace of their species. Again; the shad 
hatched in the Connecticut River, upon arriving at the 
Sound, follow the river's effluent waters to the westward, 
then, doubling upon their course, make for the eastern 
entrance to the Sound, and, entering the ocean, strike 
for the deeps beyond the edge of the continental pla- 
It may be urged, in explanation of these mysteriously 
infallible movements of migrating fish, that they result 
irom the operation of an inherited memory; that, at 
various points of the tmtraveled route before them, the 
finny pilgrims encounter certain features, a distinctive 
Kirmation of sea bottom, marine cui'rents, or local water 
temperatures that awaken dormant impulses and induce 
the habitual ancestral action associated with such impres- 
sions. It cannot, hov/ever, be assumed that fish in their 
ocean journeys are guided by local features. Tagged sal- 
mon have been found 500 miles or m.ore from their native 
rivers, and in theii- wanderings doubtless far exceed that 
distance. In the ocean absolute darkness prevails at a 
depth of 200 falhoras, and great obscurity at less than a 
fourth of that distance. The , bottom characteristics can- 
iiot, therefore, discerned; moreover, the range of the 
piscine eye is very limited. Furthermore, salmon, and 
many other fish, cannot, by reason of the pressure ex- 
erted, descend to great depths, like herring and other 
deep sea fish, having, apparently, no special organic pro- 
vision to that end. Nor can a fish, upon entering a ma- 
rine current, determine the fact, for every surrounding 
object partakes of the motion. Local variations of tem- 
perature are, of course, inconstant; but a final argument 
against the guidance of the finny migrant by these var- 
ious deductions is that they involve a degree of intelli- 
gence that cannot be predicated of such lowly creatures;" 
the accomplishment being, to all appearances, that of an 
unreasoning instinct. This argum.ent also operates 
against the assumption that the direction sense is due to 
a perception of the magnetic current that points the 
needle to the pole, for the determination thereby of a 
remote locality, deviously approached, implies constant 
inference and comparison. Without a knowledge of. the 
latitude and longitude, such determination, even by an 
intelligent and experienced navigator, is exceedingly dif- 
ficulty; for, Avith all the aids of modern science, it took 
Pribylov eighteen years to discover the breeding islands 
of the North Pacific fur seal that now bear his name. 
Even then his prolonged and diligent search was only 
rewarded by the accidental hearing of the assembled seal 
herd's tremendous roaring, that was borne to his ears 
through the impenetrable mist. Fogs are almost con- 
tinuous during the breeding season, but the seal, how- 
ever remote his wandering, however thick the veil that 
overhangs the unvaried expanse, directs his certain 
course to a particular i^oot upon a particular island. 
With the requisite development of their young, the herd 
quit the grounds, and journey southward, in mid ocean, 
the outgoing and incoming routes describing a wide 
ellipse of probably five or six thousand miles. This an- 
nual migration has been performed for ages, and the 
dumb voyager's infallible chart is certainly not projected 
by the aid of magnetic currents, for the needle's direction 
changes from year to year; it is, irioreover, different at 
the same time "in different places, and the human naviga- 
tor needs to malce allowance therefor. 
Innumerable instances might be given of various ani- 
mals, large and small, being carried long distances, by 
devious routes, sometimes inclosed in boxes, bags, etc., 
but in all cases under circumstances af¥ording the impris- 
oned creature no opportunity of topographical obsei;va- 
tion: yet it, when released at an unwelcome destination, 
was' enabled to take a direct course to. its accustomed 
abode." In these many familiar cases, the perception of 
the remote locality so readily attained must be distinct 
and clear, and. although no visual image is projected, the 
bourne is sought with the same confidence and reached 
with the same certainty as though seen. Evideiftly, there- 
fore, there is some mvstcrious sense in operation taking 
cognizance of some equally mysterious property of mat- 
ter.'" The constitution of the latter is unknown to u.s: 
but we do know, hoAvever, that to the six forms of energy 
with which we were previously a.cquainted, we have lately 
added three, viz., the. Roentgen, the Hertz and the Bec- 
querel rays. It is not impossible, indeed, that the mani- 
festations of energy may be as varied as those of ele- 
rrlentary matter, and that the latter are simply centers of 
12 In Oswego county, N. Y.* are three neighboring streams- 
Salmon River, Deer and Grindstone creeks— each having formerly 
a distinct type of salmon. „ . - - 
" The ocean voyages of large fish are equally mysterious. Matiy 
of the swordfish spawning ip the Mediterranean cross the Atlantic 
and summer on the southern New England coast. Ihe swordftbh 
i.s also seen occasionally in New Zealand waters, rhe Mediter- 
ranean tunny, or albacore, also visits the INew England coast to 
feed upon the menhaden, and there can be little doubt that some 
fish, like birds, are world wanderers. , - ^ , , 
" Only in birds and mammals, but not yet in fishes and reptnes, 
the inner ends of the nerves of vision become connected with the 
great cortex of the brain by an immense number of nerve hhrcs. 
and therefore it is only a creature so endowed that understands 
what it sees, and interprets it in connection^ with previous^ experi- 
ence.— "Brain Structure," Krapotkin, XIX Cent., July, 189-. 
« In Axon'.<; "Field Naturalist," p. 3. it is stated that some crabs 
were caught at the Lizard, in the English Channel, and taken to 
Falmouth twelve miles distant, in a box, after being- branded with 
the owner's mark, where upon arriving, the box was broken and 
many of the escaped crabs were found, three days, later, at the 
Lizard, to reach which involved a devious course in harbor and 
channel waters. „ , , ^^ , , 
J" In ascending a Scotch stream called the Oykel, the young 
salmon meet a terraced cascade, upon each Stage of which is a 
pot hole emptying itself in a vertical tall. Although never having 
made the leap before, the salmon, without a moment's hesitation 
dart confidently into the air, and fall headforemost into the hitherto 
invisible basin. Had they been the daily habit of resting in these 
watery chambers, they could not perform the leap with greater pre- 
cision or grace.— Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 54, p. 80 _ 
A Scotch fisherman had a pet gull that, except during its annual 
migratory absence, he fed daily. During one of these absences he 
moved to South street, Arbroath, and there, some time later, his 
returning pet found him out. In view of the_ fact that gulls 
wander far out to sea, and their direction sense is probably very 
acute, this story is credible. See London Spectator, July 9, 1898. 
Livingstone, in his "Travels in South Africa," Chap. XIV., p. 278, 
after dwelling upon the cognizance by wild animals of dangers not 
perceivable by their ordinary sense, asks, "Have they a guardian 
spirit over them?" -i., , i- 
From the ocelli of marine creatures, little spots, sensible only of 
light and darkness, to the graduated telescopic vision of certain 
birds, there is every degree of visual perception. If there are 
mysterious material emanations, cognizable by a separate sense, the 
latter would probably be evolved in degree of efficiency correspond- 
ing to the exigencies of the case, and perhaps the perfection of 
attainment is very rare. 
the former. Sir William Crookes, President of the Brit- 
ish Association for the Advancement of Science, and, 
also, of the Society of Psychical Research, after stating, 
in a recent address to the two bodies mentioned, that 
knowledge may enter the mind without being communi- 
cated in any hitherto known or recognized way, sustains 
Faraday's view of the matter, namely, that it is not only 
penetrable in the mass, but that each ultimate atom is also 
mutually penetrable; that, so to say, while retaining its 
center of force, it extends through all space; in other 
words, certain impulses are indefinitely propagated out- 
ward from material particles that thus become substan- 
tially in touch with one another. 
Our visual impression of an object, or sense, is im- 
pressed upon only a tiny portion of our organism, re- 
ceiving certain radiations dispersed from the exterior of 
the thing viewed; but it is conceivable that every particle 
of the object seen is also dispersing radiations, of which 
. the sensory apparatus, as a whole, may take cognizance. 
These unknown material impulses may be simultaneously 
projected upon the brain and upon every nerve of the 
body, and the receptiveness of such impressions may be 
dependent upon the volition of the individual, just as by 
listening or watching we may be enabled to hear or per- 
ceive. Such amplified area of sensibility should greatly 
extend its range of operation; therefore, extravagant as 
it may appear, a fully developed impressibility might be- 
come sensible of an object thotisands of miles away, and 
it is seemingly only upon such theory that the phenomena 
of the direction sense can be adequately explained. 
With the "'light tenants of the sky," that voyage the 
thin and transparent air, these phenomena are seemingly 
less mysterious. Equally, however, with the travelers of 
the dark corridors of the sea. their performance.^ are 
irreconcilable with any theory of inherited memory, or 
irapartment of knowledge from older to younger birds, 
for the latter often form the vangtiard of the migrating 
host. While the journeys of birds of passage may not 
exceed in extent those of the sperm whale, or of large 
marine fish, the attainment of their remote bourne, guided 
by the same unerring impulse, is equally assured. Among 
the most striking of these feathered pilgrimages is that 
of the Kuaka, a sort of snipe that summers in Nortli 
Siberia. Leaving New Zealand in April, the departing 
Rocks assemble in vast numbers at Cape Reinga, the end 
of the tongue of land forming the extreme northerly 
point of the island. From thence, at the close of the 
southern summer, they set out upon their 8,000-mile 
voyage over Norfolk, New Caledonia and other islands; 
thereby attaining the east coast of China, much of which 
thev follow to their far home laved by the icy waters of 
the'Arctic Sea. The Knot (Tringa Islandica) is an Arc- 
tic bird that also wanders to the remote sqiith from far 
beyond the 82d parallel, having, probably, its breeding 
ground in the vicinity of the North Pole. There, secure 
beyond an icy rampart, against which the might of our 
civilizatipn has been vainly flung, the young of these 
wide wanderers are cradled into existence. Then, gain- 
ing size and strength upon probably abundant stores of' 
food, they set out in a few months upon a wondrous 
journey, whose ultimate verge almost attains the oppo-^ 
site polar zone. For New Zealand, Australia and South 
Africa is the reniote bourne of these aerial coursers, whose 
tireless beat of. wing in the far heights of our upper at- 
mosphere sweep beneath them, in a moving panorama, 
the upper and nether lobes of the Eastern Hemisphere. 
Its wings apparently fixed and motionless, the wandering 
albatross sails the Southern seas with wonderful ease and 
grace, now rising high, now skimming the crests of the 
waves; but, with all its unceasing changes of movernent 
and direction, it never loses touch with a lone little 
island," in that watery desert, and be it a thoiisand of 
miles awav, it betakes itself thither at nesting time. 
Of the very few birds that breed in the Antarctic, one 
is the Wilson's petrel, which nests on Desolation Island. 
In the southern winter it comes north, and is one of the 
commonest birds observed in the Aflantic by summer 
voyagers. This errant bird's existence may be said^ to 
be" a perennial summer; for, with that season's waning 
Vk'armth, it quits the Northern Hemisphere, and hastens 
to trans-equatorial seas, where, under another sky, but 
an unchanged clime, it swiftly slcims the austral waves. 
The bold, little navigator, uncharted and uncompassed, 
roams, in hardy confidence, the wide ocean at will, no 
doubt oppressing, no hesitation halting, the unwearied 
beat of its wing. With the dawn of parental solicitude, 
it bears its course to its barren island, and there, in the 
solitude and silence of the great South Sea, it rears in 
security its tender brood. A. H. GouRAUD. 
Brooklyn, N, Y. 
J" Campbell Island,: lat., 52.53; long., 169.8. 
mm 
— • — 
Fixtures. 
March 5-19, 1902.— Eighth Annual Show of the National Sports- 
men's Association at Madison Square Garden, New York. 
The Other day a reporter called upon a man prominent 
in politics who had particular rca.son just then to be 
exasperated at the newspaper this reporter represented. 
Sending in his card, the reporter waited in the ante-room 
until a small office boy beckoned him to step inside. The 
politician sat at his desk, his hands gripping the arms of 
his chair and his eyes staring straight ahead with the 
stern, fixed expression for which the man is noted. The 
reporter asked a question, but the politician took no heed. 
The question was repeated. Then the politician sprang to 
his feet. "Jim," he called, and a muscular clerk rushed 
in from the outer room. Then slowl}', and in tones of icy 
distinctness, "I want you to bring my rifle." The last 
word came in a sort of burst, apparently of anger. The 
use of a rifle to repel the attacks of reporters was a new 
idea to this one. and he scarcely knew whether to stand 
his ground or fly for his life. But the politician, in his 
suavest tones, solved the problem. "Excuse me for keep- 
ing you waiting," he said. "I was a trifle preoccupied.^ 
I'm getting ready to go to the Adirondacks to-morrow. 
Now, what can I do for you ?" — New York Evening Post. 
Books Received. 
Highways and Byways in the Lake District. By A. G. Bradley. 
With illustrations by Joseph Pennell. New York. The Macmillan 
Company. Price ?2. 
All communications intended for Forest and Stream should 
always be addressed to the Forest and Stream Publishing Co., and 
not to any individual connected with the {taper. 
Memories. 
In reminiscent mood — after reading a copy of your 
ever-welcoilre paper — I venture to write as memory dic- 
tates. I am almost the last one of a group of men whose 
shooting haunts during the later 6o's and through the 
70's comprised the waters of Long Island Sound, the 
Great South Bay, and the swamps and uplands between. 
Shivering in floats for broadbills on Little Neck Bay,, or 
coot shooting from a string of boats on "the Sound," or 
poling in the early morning through the creeks to duck 
and snipe points on the Great South Bay ; tramping the 
swamps and .swales for summer woodcock — under the 
old law, now, happily, repealed — or following the whistle 
of his wings, with a snap shot, as he rose among the 
alders or chestnut sprouts on an atitumnal hillside. 
Just here I will tell the story of a market-shooter, R., 
who sometimes went with us, and seemed to know exactly 
where. to find the birds, whether by his nose or instinct I 
never knew. F., one of our party, had often wished to 
see a woodcock on the ground, so one July day (they 
being out together), the dog pointed, and R. looking cau- 
tiously over a bush saw the bird, and, while looking, saw 
others, until he counted five. Motioning F. to look over 
his .shoulder, to see the birds, he said: "Mr. F., if you 
can get two when they flush, we^will get all five." Draw- 
ing his ramrod, he leaned forward, killing one bird with 
it; as they rose, F. killed two and R. shot the others. F. 
was a good shot, while R. Avas deadly,^ and is a most truth- 
ful man. 
October days would find us among the ragweeds and 
buckwheat fields, folloAving the dogs, as with switching 
tails and high heads they quartered their field up wind in 
a canter. What a picture rises before me as memory 
brings back the scene — our dogs backing and drawing on 
their mate — the envied finder of a bevy of quail, who, stiff 
as a stake, awaits our coming. How we hurry up, and, as 
the birds flush with Avhirring wings, the sharp reports, 
the falling brown bodies and feathers floating down wind 
tell the story. Attgust found us on Hempstead Plains 
after grass plover, sitting in an old Avagon, driving in ever- 
diminishing circles, about the sitting birds, who restlessly 
watched and more often got up at long range, straining 
our guns to doAvn them. Perhaps some old sport may 
remember Conk VandeAvater's. What pleasant trips we 
made to his old tavern, hoAv we demolished the hot waffles, 
and, oh! such fried eels; and then, Avhile some, smoking 
and toasting before the great Avood fire, arranged with 
the baymen for a duck shoot in the early morning, others 
would sing, dance breakdowns, play draAv, and, alas, drink 
whisky. Then to bed and sleep, only to be called before 
daylight to go "in the bay." Tough Old Tony, a high old 
sport, on being called one cold, March morning, grum- 
bled about having been restless and feverish — perhaps it 
Avas Avhisky — saying the bed was so short and his room so 
small, that when he woke his feet Avere out' of the window, 
covered with sleet. 
Sometimes we would go to Billy' Chadwick's on Barne- 
gat Beach; Avhat a place that was for all kinds of water 
fowl ! Heavy flights of bay snipe of every kind entered 
the bay through a slough near the house, while number- 
less geese and redheads passed the blinds on Northwest 
Point. 
But, alas, all this is but a memory now ! I can no 
longer tramp all day through the brush and scrub, nor 
stand the cold and Avet in a float or blind. A short walk 
and a shot or tAvo, over — I must say — ^as good a dog as I 
ever saAv, sufiices, Avhile about an hour's fishing sends me 
home with an aching back. But I ought not t<} grumble, 
having had my share, and so I must reconcile myself to 
the mild sport that a little shooting, and fishing plant on 
Barnegat Bay affords me. 
Two hundred acres of upland, wCxids and meadow 
comprises my domain. On a slight elevation, well shaded 
and close to the tneadoAv, stands a plain, little, rectangu- 
lar house, Avith large, paned windows on every side, and 
this is what I see from them: Far to the south looms up 
Barnegat light; to the east a creek leads from my door 
to a large oyster pond, which empties into Barnegat Bay, 
whose waters, blue as the sky above, wash the ocean beach, 
along which a coasting steamer throbs and pufifs, a line 
of smoke trailing behind her. The bay is now filled with 
oyster boats, drifting about with loose sheets and shaking 
sails like a great flock of sea gulls. I once counted sixty. 
Overhead a fish haAvk poises, stiddenly he drops to the 
Avater Avith a splash, and seldom fails to strike and land 
his fish. Landward lies a swamp where tall pines and 
oaks are mingled Avith holly trees, whose leaves glisten 
and gloAV Avith berries red as blood. Shooting? Yes, a 
little, and fishing, too. A few quail, an occasional bunch 
of duck, some English snipe, now and then an upland 
plover, squirrels, rabbits and sometimes good flights of 
bay birds. One afternoon last August, seeing that birds 
Avere flying, I took a chair and a few decoys, locating in 
a bunch of sage bushes, not over five minutes' walk from 
the house. 1 shot five eurlcAv, and twenty-six big and lit- 
tle yellowlegs, bagging fourteen the next morning. Weak- 
fish abound, while at times a run of striped bass affords 
fine sport. 
HoAv tame all this would seem to the deer hunter or fiy- 
fisher of the North Woods, and yet I have known some 
of them Avho could not, to save their lives, down a quail 
or fall woodcock in the open, much kss in cover. I re- 
member one good fellow, who used to go with us; he' could 
tell a good story, play draw and talk shoot, but,.oh my! 
hoAV he cotild miss birds and disgust dogs! Deserting 
us, he took to the North _ Woods, whence he wrote 
beautiful letters, telling of his exploits, how moose, deer 
and partridge fell to his unerring rifle, at the same time 
pitying us of the "scatter-gun" fraternity. "I guess them 
moose, deer and partridge were settin' or sleepin' or 
mebbe his guide held 'em," said Old Tony. And noAV 
having spun my yarn, I will say good night f F. \ 
