898 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
INov. i6, 1901. 
take the whole strain of setting the sail, the peak halyards merely 
holding the gaff into the mast. 
There have been many heated arguments among experts as to 
the respective merits of gafT vs. lug or gunter lug, and the par- 
tisans of the gafifs have increased the angle of the peak till the two 
sails are now identical, except in the halyard arrangements just 
mentioned. The high peaked sail, with rounded head, in No. 1 
design has proved far superior to either Solent kig or ordinary 
gafi sail, and the moment the gaff is allowed to sag away from the 
mast to an angle of 10 degrees between mast and gaff, the effi- 
ciency decreases and the boat will not point so close to the wind, 
while if the gafI or yard is brought close to the mast, as in the 
true sliding gunter. and even to a still marked degree in the 
Bermuda sail, the boat will point very high, but has lost all life 
and will not go through the water. This is the more extraordinary 
as the Bermuda sail would seem to be the logical development 
of the high peaked lug; but it has been well tried by the writer 
and others, and proved to be inferior to any of the forms of 
sail previously mentioned. 
The only objection to these high peaked gafI sails is that the 
whole of the sail area must be carried in two sails, and for cruis- 
ing purposes this is very inconvenient, on account of the long and 
heavy spars required to set enough sail to drive the boat at a fair 
pace in line weather. For this reason an ordinary gall sail, as in 
No. 2 design, is preferable in a larger boat because it admits of a 
snug working sail plan, which can easily be increased by means of 
The dipping lug is the most lifting sail known, and the gear is 
simple, but it requires a large and expert crew to work it. 
Part II.— Chapter IV.— Reaf Gears, 
Koller reef gears of various sorts are now in general use in 
small yachts, whether used for racing or cruising, and Turner's 
reefing gear for the boom is probably the best known and most 
satisfactory. This gear is so well known as to need no special de- 
scription, and the illustration given explains itself. An older 
variety of the roller boom is simply a drum on the fore end of the 
boom in place of the ratchet and a line to roll it up, like that on a 
roller foresail. This works very well on a very small sail, but on a 
sail of over 400 sq. ft. the roller line requires something more than 
hand power to work it, and is usually taken to a winch. The 
simplest of all is merely a flat shank to the gooseneck, sliding 
■.easily in and out of a slotted cap on the boom end. To roll, the 
boom is pulled aft till the flat on the gooseneck shank is outside 
the cap; it is then rolled up by hand to the requisite amount and 
slipped back on the shank, the flat preventing it from turning when 
in the cap. 
There is no need to describe the various batten reef gears, as 
OMITTED FROM NO. 
Use the line of the transom on the sheer plan as a center line 
and set off the half-breadths on deck and L.W.L. at right angles 
to this new center line, from their points of intersection with it 
on the sheer plan. 
The line of the transom should be produced downward till it 
cuts L.W.L. and all heights above L.W.L. marked on this line, 
taking them perpendicularly to L.W.L. and setting off their dis- 
tances from the center line at right angles to the line of the 
transom from the point of intersection of the heights above L.W.L. 
If the transom is curved as well as raked, as in No. 2, it is 
usually laid oft' in the foregoing manner first; but such a drawing 
only gives the shape as if it had no curve, all the half-breadth 
being incorrect. 
To get a true drawing of it from this, a section of the curve must 
be shown forming a plan, of which the first drawing is an elevation. 
To obtain this section of the curve take the distance at right 
angles from the center line of the transom on the sheer plan, to 
where the transom and planking meet at the deck. This is the 
depth of the curve, and must be set off on the center line of the 
transom, from the point of intersection of the half-breadth line of 
the deck, and the curve drawn through this point and the half- 
breadth, set off at right angles to the center line. 
TABLE OF OFFSETS. 
ItKVtD WITH 
Details or 
PA/bS OF fiOLLER 
com aM<?iA/(j 
CND or Wine -' 
VIIC TACK 
a topsail and large spinnaker when required. On the other hand, 
it is not quite .so close-winded as the No. 1 sail, and with the 
extra sails, etc., entails a lot more gear. 
Among the other rigs in general use the cutter is most popular 
for racing and cruising in yachts of over 8 tons T. M., the single 
lieadsail of the sld'op being too unwieldy in anything over this size. 
The cutter is practicall)' the same in every way as No. 2 sail plan, 
except that she carries two headsails instead of one, and the outer 
sail is set flying, while the sloop's single headsail is set on a stay. 
As tlie vessel increases in size the pole mast of No. 2 would give 
place to a topmast, and the whole of the gear would be more 
complicated; but, as these details do not apply to small yachts, 
there is no occasion to go further into the matter. 
A yawl is merely a cutter or sloop with a short boom and a 
mizzen mast stepped aft of the rudder head. This is a very popular 
cruising rig, as it reduces the size of the working sails and enables 
the boat to be handled under a mizzen and headsail only. Whether 
this compensates for the trouble of setting and taking in another 
-sail and looking after the extra gear is really a question for in- 
dividual taste to decide; but there is no doubt that a yawl is 
inferior to a cutter to windward. 
The yawl may have any of the foregoing types of sails and 
either one or two headsails, topmast, etc., according to size and the 
owner's fancy. The size of the mfzzen may also increase in pro- 
portion to the otlier sails, to reduce the labor of working a big 
mainsail, till by stepping the mizzen mast forward of the rudder 
the rig becomes a ketch. This is considered an ideal rig for cruis* 
ing by some people, but it is less efficient to windward than the 
yawl and is very ugly, its only advantage over the yawl being 
a further reduction in size of the maijisail and increased efficiency 
when sailing under mizzen and headsails only. 
This may be carried to a still further extreme by making the 
vessel into a schooner, wliich is little less efficient to windward and 
much smarter looking than the ketch. A schooner is undoubtedly 
the best rig for a large, sea-going yacht, but is quite out of place 
in small craft. 
Other rigs used on small boats are the balance lug, largely used 
on the Upper Thames raters; the spritsail, 'used on watermeii's 
boats on the Lower Thames and many other parts, and the Dip- 
ping lug, used on the large fishing luggers all round the coast 
and on ships' boats. 
The balance lug is a very flat-setting sail, with simple gear, but 
is pressing and requires strong and heavy spars. 
The spritsail is only useful for boats going alongside other ves- 
sels, etc.. when the sprit can be removed, leaving nothing to get 
foul aloft; it is a bad sail to windward and very pressing. 
Nos. of Sections: 12 3 
ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 
Half-breadths on D 1.... 1 4 3 0% 2 6% 
Half-breadths on D 2 1 2% 1 0% 2 2^2 
4 
.ft. in. 
3 0% 
5 
ft. in. 
3 3% 
2 7Vo 
6 
ft. in. 
3 5 
2 2% 
7 
ft. in. 
3 
2 6% 
8 
It. in. 
3 2% 
2 A^i- 
9 
ft. in. 
2 lOVa 
2 1 
10 Transom, 
ft. in. ft. in. 
2 414 1 9% 
1 8 
1 31/2 
Intersection of Dl with center line, 2ft. %tn. above L.W.L. Intersection of D 2 with center line, 1ft. 6%in. above L.W.L. 
Round of deck beams — 4%in. in 6ft., at point of greatest beam, or %in. to 1ft. of beam. 
Error.— Half-breadth on L.W.L. at No. 2 section should be 1ft. 5^in., not 1ft. 4i4in., as stated. 
these are only used on canoes now and are fully illustrated in 
many of the books on that branch of the sport. 
The most important reef gear of all is the roller headsail. In 
spite of many complaints of the liability of the rollers to get out 
of order and the extra windage, etc., there is little doubt that they 
are far superior for cruising purposes to any other in yachts of 
under about S tons T. M. Over that size, there is much diffi- 
culty in getting the roller stiff enough without being too heavy. 
The smaller rollers should always be made of bamboo, as nearly 
p, trail el as possible, and the lower end must have a firm bearing 
cither on the end of the spinnaker boom or on the stemhead or 
bowsprit, according to the arrangement decided on. The lack of 
(bis rigid bearing at the bottom of the roller is the main cause of 
all the trouble with them, and the method illustrated will work 
without any likelihood of getting out of order if ordinary care is 
used and the following rules observed: 
Always leave the .sheet very slack when it is rolled up. 
Keep a light strain on the roller line when rolling. 
See that the lead for the roller line is right and runs the line on 
the middle of the drum. 
In conclusion, I must apologize for the rough-and-ready way in 
wliich tliese articles have been written, and can only offer as an 
excuse my entire lack of experience as a writer. I trust, however, 
that I have been able to make the instructions clear enough to 
enable any one to work from them. 1 may here say that the 
apparently' contradictory methods wliich are occasionally men- 
tioned are due to the fact that there are several ways of doing the 
same thing, all of which have certain good and bad points about 
them; in fact, as most people know, every boat is a comiiromise 
between a number of opposing conditions, and this should always 
be borne in mind by both designer, builder and sailor. 
I also wish to state that I am indebted to Mr. P. C. Crossley for 
the drawings of No. 1 and 2 designs made from my rough working 
drawings, and to several of the yacht fitters for the small illustra- 
tions taken from their lists. 
Note to Part I.— Chapter III.— Laying Off. 
To lay off the correct shape of a transom when it is not per- 
pendicular to the L.W.L.: 
Omitted From No. I Specification. 
Beams.— After the words "the beams are only let into the in- 
wale for half their depth, with a dovetail on one side onlj'," add 
■"and these dovetails will be cut only half-way through the thick- 
ness of the inwale, so that the ends of the beams do not go right 
through the inwales, as shown m the half-breadth construction 
drawing." This was an error. 
Omitted From No. 2 Table of Offsets. 
Intersection of D 1 with center line, 2ft. 2in. above L.W.L. 
Intersection of D 2 with center line, 1ft. lOin. above L.W.L. 
Intersection of D 3 with center line, 1ft. l%in. above L.W.L. 
Intersection of D 4 with center line, at No. 2 VV.L. 
Round of deck beams— Sin. in 6ft., at point of greatest beam, 
or %in. 1ft. of beam. 
FINIS. 
— © — 
Columbia Pistol and Rifle Clob. 
San Francisco, Oct. 20.— The Columbia Pistol and Rifle Club's 
regular shoot had conditions unfavorable for high scores. A. B. 
Dorrell led with fine rifle, Ed Hovey with repeater in military and 
repeatmg rifle match, Young in the pistol match, Brannagan in 
revolver match, and Dr. Twist in .22cal. rifle match. H. A. Baker, 
a new member, astonished us by making two scores in the 50s 
with pistol. .Scores, Columbia target: 
f^flS' 200yds. : A. B. Dorrell. 49. 51, 53; F. O. Young, 56, 61; W. 
(.. Hoffman, 63; G. W. Hoadley, 86, 92; E. A. Allen, 117. 
Military and repeating rifles, Creedmoor count: Ed Hovey 47 
it, 46, 44, 44, 44, 44; E. A. Allen, 42, 42 
Pisto!_,_ .50yds. : F. O. Young, 44, 47, 48, 48, 49; G. W. Hoadley, 
?-' «!' ^o^?' 69, 72, 74; Dr. Twist, 55, 
Cb, 64, 68. 73; C. M. Daiss, 56, 57, 64. 
Revolver: A. J. Brannagan, 44, 47, 50; P. Becker, 63; W. G. 
Hoffman, 78, 81. 
Twenty-two caliber rifle, 50yds.: Dr. Twist, 21, 26, 32, 34 34: 
F. O. Young, 29; W. C. Prichard, 31. 39. 
- Our president, Mannel, is very ill, and Young came to the range 
on one foot, having a bad case of blood poisoning in the other 
from a pin thrust in it. 
Nov. 3.— Our regular shoot took place tb-day. Our president is 
pronounced out of danger, Dorrell is away in the mountains 
looking for bigger game. Young hobbled on one foot to the range 
and did good work for one foot, one hand, one optic; but Ed 
Hovey was the bos.s, shooting his Winchester .30-20 repeater. He 
made 13 straight 8in. bullseyes and 97 out of possible 100 Creed- 
moor, with 5 scores to his credit, only 1 point short of 48 Creed- 
moor average. Young made two oO-shot trials and 100 consecutive 
for records with his Sharps military. He made 233 on first 50 and 
226 on record, or 459 in 100 shots. Hovev holds the record with 
same rifle, 236, made several years ago. Hoffman led in the .23 
rifle match, beating Dr. Twist in 50 shots for a dinner bv 20 points, 
with a total of 112. Young beat his own record with" the pistol, 
making 31. A. H. Cady was high with fine rifle, and Becker led 
v/ith revolver. Brannagan changed his .38 for a .32 barrel, and it 
leaded so he could not get good work. He bagged fifteen quail 
and twelve rabbits yesterday, however, with shotgun Scores: 
Rifle: A. H. Cady, 56, 86, 96, 98; G. M. Barley, 62; W. G. Hoff- 
man, 79, 83; Gimmel, 113, 138, 186, 194; Allen, 119, 120. 
Military and repeating, Creedmoor count: Ed Hovey (.32-20) 49, 
48, 47, 46, 45; F. O. Young (100 shots), 46, 46, 47, 46, 48, 47, 43, 46, 
45—459. Young made 58 and 66 for best two ring scores, which, 
with his pistol score, 31, placed him ahead of the all-round record 
made by himself and Pape; Dr. J. F. Twist (Krag), 44, 43, 42, 41, 
■lOj 39j 38. 
Pistol, .50yds.: F. O. A^oung, ,31, 44, 45, 47, 48; G. W. Hoadley, 
47, 53, 53, 58; H. A. Baker, 52, 55, 63, 67; C. M. Daiss, 49, .56, 62 
Dr. Twist, 60, 75. .... 
Revolver: P. A. Becker, 53, 65. 
Twenty-two caliber rifle, 50yds.: W. G. Hoffman, IS, 20, 21, 24 25: 
A. J. Brannagan, 21; Dr. Twist, 24, 24, 26, 28, 30, 
II. Kroeckel, of the Stockton Pistol and Rifle Club beat our 
under similar conditions. 
Hovey used Winchester ammunition, and cleaned after every 
shot. Young used King's powders, and no cleaning. 
F. O. Young. 
- Cincinnati Rifle Association. 
Cincinnati, O. — The following scores were made in regular com- 
petition by members of the Cincinnati Rifle Association, at Four- 
Mile House, Reading road, Nov. 10. Conditions: 200yds,, f fl'-liand, 
at the standard target. Slrickmeier was declared champion for the 
day with the good score nf 90. Weather, clear. Thermometer, 55, 
Wind, 10 to 2 o'clock: 
Honor. 
Strickmeier W) 89 85 84 82—430 7 10 9 9 ICt— 45 
Payne 87 87 83 S3 83—423 8 10 6 10 7—41 1 
Gindele 87 .S3 82 81 69-402 9 7 10 9 9—4-1 
Nestler 84 83 81 SO 78-406 S 9 8 8 7—10 
Hofer 82 76 75 74 7.3—380 6 6 8 5 10—35 
Trounstine :. 81 73 71 63 . .—288 5 6 6 7 5—29 
ISruns 80 77 76 74 74—381 8 7 9 6 9—39 
Roberts 79 78 74 68 . .—299 8 5 10 7 10-40 
Drube 78 77 76 67 61— .359 5 6 8 9 5—33 
Hoffman 72 68 64 62 61—327 8 5 7 8 2—30 
Lux 71 68 59 59 . .—257 
Topf 69 64 62 63 61—319 6 6 6 5 8—31 
All communications intended for Forest and Stream should; 
always be addressed to the Forest and Stream Publishing Co., and 
not to any individual connected with the paper. 
