49(3 
-FORfilST AND ST^IEAM. 
season, and the guides had often to pull the stones out of 
the way to make an adequate channel in the bed of the 
stream, But at the Falls the water lay in deep pools, and 
there Mr. Treat caught a three-pound trout and a river 
salmon of the same size, and he got them both on a six- 
ounce rod. The country in back of the river is a com- 
bination of hills and bogs and woods, and the caribou, 
which live in the far north region of the island, begin in 
the fall to move south from the Long Range Mountains. 
The hunters take position on some elevation and watch 
the edge of the woods. Here or there a single caribou 
or a group of them will merge and start across the 
open land. This, however, is all cut up with innumerable 
deer paths, and the hunter who thinks the animals are 
bound right for him often sees them suddenly turn away 
and finds they have followed a trodden path. 
American Duck Shootingf. 
Of Mr. Grinnell's new book on duck shooting, Mr. 
Wm. Brewster, the eminent ornithologist and sportsman 
says : 
"It may well serve as a model for works of its kind, 
combining as it evidently does scientific accuracy of state- 
ment with a simplicity and directness of treatment and 
graceful chSrm of style which cannot fail to make it at 
once useful and attractive to the great sportsman class 
for whom it is, of course, primarily intended. I like the 
book thoroughly, and do not see how it could have been 
made a better book than it is." 
Proprietors of fishing resorts will find it profitable to advertise 
them in Forest and Stbeau. 
Fish and Fishing. 
A White Canadian Salmon, 
Count Henri de Puyj.'^loNj General Inspector of Fish- 
eries and Game of the Province of Quebec, and author 
of a work on natural history, is of the opinion that he 
has found a new variety of salmon in some of the streams 
of Labrador, specimens of which he has brought back 
with him here, preserved in alcohol. Those which I have 
seen are about the size of herrings. Specimens of the 
adult fish were also brought, but not in alcohol, and as 
they had only been slightly preserved, they were found 
unfit for examination when iinpacked in Quebec. So far 
as the external appearance of these young fish go, I see 
nothing by which to distinguish them from small grilse. 
Their colors are much the same as those of the young 
of the ordinarjf salmon. The small, silvery bright scales 
easily rub off when touched, and the tail is slightly forked. 
Mr. PUyjalon tells me, however, that these condition? — 
the slight caudal notch, and the looseness of the scales — 
are equally present in the adult specimens of the fish. 
Here is Mr. Puyjalon's description of a fish taken in the 
month of June at the foot of the rapids of the Kecarpwei 
River on the Labrador coast: "Weight, 3V2 pounds: 
length from the extremity of the snout to the extremity of 
one of the lobes of the tail, 24^/2' inches ; from the ex- 
tremity of the snout to the extremity of the opercle, 5 
inches ; from the same point to the beginning of the 
dorsal fin, gyi inches; width of the caudal fin from one 
lobe to the other, 4^ inches. Bod}' very slender, tail 
slightly forked, scales very shiny, very thin, adhering but 
slightly; head slender; back a dark blue metallic color; 
black spots in the form of a quincunx on the skin, show- 
ing but transparently thrpugh the scales; maxillary teeth 
very pointed." In the same waters with this fish the ordi- 
nary Salmo salar is found, so that there are excellent 
opportunities for comparative study. The residents of 
the coast call the ordinary fish "red salmon," and the 
specimens referred to by Mr. Puyjalon "white salmon." 
In the rivers in which they are found together, both 
fish run to about 15 pounds in weight. The so-called 
"white salmon" are also known to the inhabitants as 
"sling" or "slend," which Mr. Pupjalon thinks is a 
corruption of "slender" and applied to the fish on account 
of its shape. No matter what its size, its flesh is always 
creamy white, as distinct from the rich pink tint of that 
of the ordinary' Atlantic salmon. It takes the fly equally 
as well as the more common salmon of the sea, and 
affords quite as good sport. The fish is clearly not a 
kelt, notwithstanding its slender form, and the ques- 
tion naturally arises, Avhat is it? There is even less dis- 
similarity in external appearance between it and the com- 
mon Atlantic salmon, than there is between the latter and 
the ouananiche. Mr. Puyjalon made a first brief refer- 
ence to the sling or slend in the last published report of 
his department, but only this season did he succeed in 
bringing well-preserved specimens home with him. Be- 
fore this last summer's trip to Labrador, from which he 
recently returned, he was under the impression that it 
was non-anadromou-s, never visiting salt water. His in- 
vestigations during the present season prove the con- 
trary to be the fact, and Mr. Puyjalon is now convinced 
that the "white salmon" possesses the same habits as the 
more familiar type of Salmo salar, 
Marston's Charr in Labrador. 
Some time ago Prof. Samuel Garman, of Cambridge, in 
writing to me of some specimens of a Canadian charr, 
very different in coloring from Salvelinus fontinalis, ex- 
pressed the belief that some of the Alpine charrs would 
l3e found to occur in Labrador waters. I have often 
recalled his remark upon hearing the marvellous descrip- 
tions which missionaries, Hudson Bay men and others 
familiar with the interior of Labrador give of the highly 
colored trout (so called) that are found in some of its 
streams. A few days ago I came across a reference made 
forty years ago to the discovery of some such fish in a 
tributary of the Moisie. — Mr. Hind, the explorer of a 
part of Labrador in 1861. tells of the fish he found in 
Coldwater River in that year, and no better description 
than he gives them is required for the external appear- 
ance of the lovely Salmo (SaheUnus) marsionii. named 
bjr Mr, Cheney for the editor of the English Fishing 
Gazette. He says: "Two deep crimson stripes ran down 
the whole length of the body from the pectoral fin to 
the tail. The throat and part of the body were silver 
white, the back dark green; the side of the fish was 
speckled with salmon-colored spots margined with white. 
Some of the spots were crimson, surrounded with a silver 
ring. The flesh of a few of them was quite white, but 
of the majority of a deep salmon color." 
North American Association. 
It is expected that the annual meeting of the North 
American Association for the Protection of Fish and 
Game will be held at the Van Ness House, Burlington, 
Vt., in the latter part of January, though the exact date 
has not yet been decided upon. It is understood that the 
members of the Association are to be tendered a banquet 
by the Vermont Fish and Game League. Mr. J. W. Tit- 
comb, of St. Johnsbury, president of both the League and 
the Association, is busying himself in preparing an attrac- 
tive programme for the annual meeting, and has invited 
each oi the members of the Executive Committee to 
submit a report upon the legislation of the year affecting 
fish and game interests by the State or Provi.nce from 
which he hails. The inadvisability of introducing black 
bass into Canadian trout waters and the important ques- 
tions of deforestation and forest fires are also suggested 
for consideration. Members of some of the Provincial 
governments are included in the membership of the As- 
sociation, and it is much to be desired that it should have 
the benefit and the advice of members of State Legisla- 
tures also. It must be gratifying to members and friends 
of the Association to find that in one of the recently 
issued bulletins of the Division of Biological Survey of 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, it is declared "the 
recent steps toward uniformity in the laws of the border 
States and Provinces are doubtless largely due to the 
efforts of the North American Fish and Game Protective 
Association. E. T. D. Ch.-vmbers. 
Salmon as Leapers* 
When a strong rapid, or even a fall of ten or twelve 
feet occurs, the salmon surmounts the impediment with 
little difficulty; but when the stream is deep and full, and 
the fall considerable, the poor fish is obliged to stop, 
and appears sadly puzzled. It soon reconnoiters in all 
directions for a passage, and even leaps out of the 
water, apparently with no other object than to get a 
peep from a higher position, though it must be con- 
fessed from what naturalists tell us, the structure of 
the eye is rather against this supposition. 
Salmon leaps are objects of great curiosity and in- 
terest. There are many more in Norway and in the 
British Islands of note than I believe are on this side 
of the Atlantic. There is a fatnous one at Leixlip, a 
short distance from Dublin, where I, with many scores 
of others, impelled with curiosity, like myself, have 
many a time stood for an hour or more to see the sal- 
mon leap the fall. The River Liffey runs right through 
the heart of that historic old city, and is walled on 
either side as a canal is. Into this the whole sewers of 
the city empty. The tide enters from the Bay of Dublin 
and runs up a considerable distance, but from the color 
of the water, as one looks at it from the Quays, as they 
arc called, thick as it is with mud and muck and filth, 
one would say no fish could live for two minutes in it. 
Brtt they do. The salmon run this terrible blockade 
in their proper season and successfully reach the clear 
pure waters above. Poor fish, having undergone this 
suffocating experience and reached the more limpid 
element beyond, a further ordeal has to be undergone — the 
leaping of this fall of about 15 feet. 
Two other most remarkable salmon leaps that I have 
seen are Ballyshannon and Coleraine in the north of 
Ireland. The former I am well acquainted with. 
The large and beautiful lake. Loch Erne, fifty miles 
long by ten or twelve broad, pours its waters into the 
Atlantic by a short and very rapid river, which after 
an impetuous course from Belleek and a last fall of 15 or 
16 feet at Ballyshannon, meets the tide at the bottom 
of a perpendicular limestone rock. The open sea is 
only three miles distant from the fall, and in early 
summer innumerable salmon run up the river and as- 
semble in "the pool," as the abyss below the rock is 
called, checked in their career by this formidable bar- 
rier. 
In the course of a week many thousands of salmon 
are here collected, waiting, as it would almost appear, 
for a spring tide to raise the water in "the pool" and 
make the leap easier. Here the fish are taken in nets in 
great numbers and sent to the London market, where, 
from their delightful flavor,' for which the Ballyshannon 
fish are noted, they command high prices. Men, ' how- 
ever, at this place, are not the only fishers. Seals 
follow the salmon from the" sea .and prey upon them in 
"the pool," pursuing them with greater speed and suc- 
cess than the unwieldy appearance of these amphibious 
creatiires would lead one to expect. They are often 
seen emerging from the froth at the bottom of the fall 
with salmon wriggling in their mouths, and generally by 
the aid of sundry well directed bullets made to pay the 
penalty of their lives for thus intruding into the pre- 
serve of the lords of creation. I have myself shot sev- 
eral. 
During spring tides, when the weather is fine, this 
salmon leap attracts a great number of spectators — just 
as the leap on the Liffey does, and a description of the 
scene will answer for both. At the latter place, however, 
the fish wait for a good "spate" before attempting to 
make the ascent ; here they depend on the high tides. 
It is very interesting to watch them. As the water 
rises the fish begin to leap; perhaps a couple of hundred 
in an hour. The young ones very often miscalculate the 
direction they should take, leaping perpendicularly out 
of the water, and of course falling back immediately. But 
the older and wiser salmon, many of which doubtless 
have been up before, and are better mathematicians, 
manage differently. 
These dart to the ctSst' of the cataract in a line with 
the curve of the falling rhass of water, and there cling 
for some seconds, wnggling themselves into the tor- 
rent. Iti this very difficult position they can only work 
on the water with the pectoral and ventral fins ; the force 
of their powerful tail, by which they had sprung from 
the bottom, being now lost in beating the air. Many, 
notwithstanding, succeed, dip into the water at the top 
and shoot up the river; but the great majority fail and 
after a gallant struggle are tumbled back into the pool. 
After the great leap up a fall the fish rest during sev- 
eral hours in the first gentle current they meet before 
proceeding further on their journey. It is plain that the 
distance they daily travel must depend upon the nature 
of the stream. If the river is rapid, the fish's stages 
must be short, and vice versa. 
The salmon leaps on this side of the Atlantic are 
many, but they are interesting only to sportsmen, for 
they are, so to speak, outside the pale of civilization, 
while those I have mentioned in the Old Country are 
almost on the confines of big cities, and to the amuse- 
ment seekers, especially on a Sunday afternoon, the 
exertions of the salmon to bound over the falls are al- 
ways attractive. 
There is a fine salmon leap on the Gold River in 
Nova Scotia, about 13 feet high, which only during a 
very heavy freshet can be surmounted by the fish. It 
has no equal in picturesqueness, but it is seldom visited 
because it is situated far in the wilds, and difficult of 
access. To see the fall when the water is low, one would 
almost swear salmon never went over such a place; but 
I have on two occasions after a continuance of very heavy 
rains, sat on the bank and watched them leaping, and 
.positively enjoyed it. The successful jumpers, and j 
those that fell short, seemed about equally divided the 
last time I was there, and afforded an opportunity for 
myself and my companion to back the "next salmon's 
leap" for small sums, which created a good deal of fun 
and excitement for us both. 
Salmon leaps are also found on the Medway River, in 
the same Province, but they are not very high and are 
easily surmounted during floods. 
There is a peculiarity in the instincts of salmon 
worthy of notice, viz., their invariable habit of return- 
ing from unknown distances and depths of ocean to the 
streams where they were bred. They may be forced by 
stress of weather or the pursuit of their natural enemies 
into the mouth of a strange river, like a ship driven 
by a storm to a hostile port, but the vast majorities 
find their way back to their native waters, unattractive 
as they might seem on account of the difficulties they 
experience in surmounting these very leaps and other 
obstacles. Their local memory would appear to extend 
to food also, and probably the reason they take the fly 
so well on first leaving the sea, where they never meet 
with one, is a confused recollection of the habits of their 
youth. / 
But in conclusion, to revert for one moment more to 
their leaping, I have a letter by me from a friend who was 
last year in Norway, which states that a fall was meas- 
ured there out of curiosity, where under it the water was 
sounded and found to be but 8 feet deep, and to the top 
of the fall from the sitrface of the water quite 17 feet; 
and yet several large salmon had been positively seen 
to make the leap, apparently easily, for they went on 
when they had dipped in the water at the summit. Is 
not this splendid leaping? Nepos. 
The Crater Lake Trout. 
Saratoga, Cat.. Dec. 3. — Editor Forest and Stream: In 
the Aug. 3 number of this year you kindly published a full 
column "How the Parsons Put Trout in Crater Lake," 
Oct. 20, 1900. We did, and we worked hard to do it, rid- 
ing two hundred miles, carrying a large milk pail of little 
trout for fifty miles of rough road, and climbing the high 
mountain and wallowing down the snowy sides of the 
Crater to the deep lake. We verily believed we were 
the first, and all whom we met and told of it believed with 
us. For the country was so full of stories of failure that 
the generous Southern Pacific R. R., who carried us and 
our outfit free and heartily, had small hopes we could do 
the task, especially so late in the year. Reports of trout, 
little and large,, have come tO' us abundantly this year. 
Credible reports from officers of the Geological Survey 
from Washington say there are trout there 30 inches long. 
I feel in honor bound to tell you this, as it confirms the 
account of my friend, Mr. Steele, of Portland, Ore., that 
he put trout in Crater Lake many years ago. I think 
our party must have been the next successful one, for the 
only two lengths I hear described are 6 inches and 30 
inches. I cannot now give Mr. Steele's first name, nor 
the year in which he planted the fish, but I will do so 
later when I hear from him. The great matter is to 
know that that wild, strange Oregon lake, twenty miles 
from a human habitation, six miles across and 2,000 feet 
deep, occupying the crater of an out-bursted mountain, 
with water as richly colored as an Italian lake, is stocked 
with great trout. Now some one will build a little cabin 
hotel and launch boats, and famous fishermen will be as 
eager to go there as to the Nipigon. I had thought my 
little pailful would take so long to grow and multiply that 
I should have to leave the catching of them to posterity 
but, by my best spoon, which failed to hook me a Puget 
Sound salmon last summer, I wiU hope to catch a 30-inch 
trout from Crater Lake. They will be 32 next summer, 
Roosevelt may hear of them and drop a line to them, for 
there are mountain lions in the region, and he is mighty to 
slay them. 
I know you will thank me to tell you that Bert Dennis, 
of Klamath Falls, who took us and first broke through 
the deep snowdrifts without spilling a fish, still has his 
good team, and has not forgotten the way. He is not at 
all a professional guide, nor is his home a regular hotel, 
but hunters are welcomed ranch fashion, and it has never 
been my hunter luck to get into warmer nests than are 
spread there or before a more bountiful table. The good 
Oregonians will blush if this gets to their eyes, but they 
deserve every 'word of unsolicited appreciation and praise. 
A stage runs daily, I think, in the summer, from Ashland 
to Klamath Falls, and Bert, for modest country, charges, 
would take a party, not in style, but with hearty comfort. 
The fisherman who has not seen the huge trout of 
Klamath Lake, literally in shoals about the gushing 
springs at the bottom of the lake, has Oregon's greatest 
fish sight to see. I only began to lay down my claim, as 
an honest fisheiTnan ought, to the credit of putting first 
fish in one of the deepest and most wonderful' lakes in the 
world- The interesting subject has drawn me on, and 
that fascinating region will draw you again and again if 
