MALARIA EXPEDITION TO NIGERIA 27 
Site. The adult worms were always found in swellings about the teet and 
ankles of these birds. The infected birds were easy to detect by the presence of 
small, soft, subcutaneous tumours in these positions ; the skin over these tumours 
was stretched, and the superficial veins appeared dilated. 
The small nodules occurred in various positions : for example in one bird — on 
the right foot, a tumour on the upper surface of the second phalanx of the first toe, 
and in a similar position on the second toe ; a third on the under surface of terminal 
phalanx of the fourth toe ; another over the distal end of tarsus. In the left foot— 
a large swelling under the distal end of the tarsus ; two on the first toe, one at its 
extreme base on the under surface, the other on the under surface of the terminal 
phalanx ; and one on the lateral outer surface of the fourth toe. In another bird, 
one tumour was found higher up, in the tarsus among the tendons ; others just at the 
base of the claws, under the insertion of the flexor tendons. 
The worms occupied cysts in the positions mentioned, from two to ten worms 
in each cyst, which seemed to be intimately connected with the sheaths of the tendons. 
The worms were coiled together inside the cyst ; the whole clump of them being 
easily turned out on slitting up the tumour, with a mass of yellow coloured jelly- 
like fluid, which surrounded the worms. 
The worms in the cysts varied in colour from pale yellow to brown, the 
younger worms being generally brown. Some were considerably larger than others. 
They have a decidedly corkscrew shape, the screw having two to four turns according 
to the length of the worm. Introduced into normal salt solution the worms retained 
their corkscrew shape and moved for some time with a sluggish corkscrew motion. 
The shape is kept in preserved specimens. The screw of both male and female worms 
is a right-handed one, these facilitating the arrangement of a large number into the 
smallest space. 
The female :—- The total length varies from 4*4 to 8*4 mm., the central breadth 
about C34 mm. The worm makes three or four coils. 
r , r , - I-8 > IO ' 2 > 4'3> 99'^ 
Lobb s formula : — „ > 
— , i-2, 2-8, 17, 0-94 
The anterior and posterior portions of the worms beyond the beginning and 
end of the spiral are somewhat flattened ; the anterior portion is longer than the 
posterior, and more sharply pointed. The cuticle is thick, transparent, and yellowish 
in colour : over the extreme ends it is thin. Laterally in the anterior portion the 
cuticle is thickened, the two lateral thickenings being continued down throughout the 
length of the worm, so that in optical sections of the convexities of the spirals they 
appear as knobs, of the concavities as thickenings. 
The anterior endo the worm (plate II, fig. 2) which is tapered from the 
point of junction with the spiral proper, is rounded ; there is a slight narrowing for a 
neck. The position of the oral orifice is marked as a small dent in the cuticle. No 
