S46 
[May 3, 1502. 
The Cornell College Forest. I 
The recent criticisms of the methods employed in the 
management of the small forest area set aside by the 
State for a demonstration of rational forestry methods 
have shown that the lay public has still somewhat er- 
roneous ideas as to objects and methods of forestry. 
The following brief statements are, therefore, put for- 
ward to explain in simple manner the philosophy of these 
methods as understood by professional foresters: 
1. Forest^ is the art of utilizing the forest, and at the 
same time perpetuating it. It is wholly utilitarian; it has 
nothing (except incidentally) to do with the esthetic as- 
pects of forest growth, which concern the landscape 
gardner. Wood crops is its object, just as food crops is 
the object of agriculture. The only obligation which 
forestry imposes in the use or harvest of a forest growth 
is to systematically replace the harvested crop. In this 
obligation mainly, if not alone, does forestry differ from 
lumbering. 
2. A limitation of the size of trees to be cut or to be 
left uncut has not necessarily any bearing on the re- 
placement of the crop. Such a restriction to cut or leave 
certain sizes is either indicated by financial considerations 
(it does not pay either at present or in the long run to 
cut below a certain diameter), or else it is a device to 
prevent overcutting, wherever no systematic attention to 
the replacement of the crop can be or will be given. 
In the college forest no hardwood trees below 14 
inches and softwoods below 12 inches are cut, unless 
they are defective and not fit to grow into the new crop, 
or likely to damage the young crop by shade or by being 
thrown by winds. 
3. The many methods of reproducing a new crop 
("silvicultural methods") which are practiced, vary 
mainly in the rapidity with which the old crop is re- 
moved, namely: 
From immediate absolute clearing, when the new crop 
must be either artificially planted or is secured by seeds 
from a neighboring old stand — 
Through various degrees of gradual removal, when the 
old crop is entirely removed in two to twenty years, the 
crop being sedured from trees on the area by seeds, and 
rapidity of removal of the. old crop being gauged by the i 
need for light of the young crop — 
To the so-called "selection" forest, in which only single 
trees, here and there, are removed from time to time, 
and nature alone is left to reproduce the crop as best it 
may in the small openings made. 
4. No method of reproducing is the only proper one, 
and in an experimental or demonstration forest which is 
to teach methods and demonstrate their results all or a 
number of these methods should be exhibited. 
5. The choice of method depends on the species pres- 
ent or to be reproduced, on climate and soil, on the ob- 
jects to be attained by the management, and on financial 
considerations. 
In a mixed forest of nature the species composing the 
forest are not all equally useful; in the foresters' forest 
the most useful ones must be made to preponderate or 
occupy the ground and the "weed" trees must be sub- 
dued. 
6. There are three objects to be attained by forest 
growth, namely, to furnish wood supplies, to furnish 
protection of soil and water flow, to furnish pleasure and 
sport. We may accordingly recognize supply forests, 
protection forests and luxury forests. 
7. The first object is to the people at large the most 
important; the second is of importance only in certain 
(limited) locations; the third concerns only or mainly 
certain classes; but the third, as well as the second — 
pleasure and protection — can be attained without losing 
sight of the first — wood supplies. All three objects are 
simultaneously attained in the managed forests of 
Europe. 
8. Where the second and third object — protection and 
pleasure — are paramount, the methods of harvesting and 
reproducing the croo are circumscribed by the necessity 
of keeping a constant cover, hence gradual removal 
methods are advisable, although by no means always 
necessary. In a supply forest the choice of method is 
limited only by financial consideration, including the as- 
surance of silvicultural success, i. e., of a satisfactory new 
crop. 
9. The gradual removal methods entail large in- 
itial investments for means of transportation over 
large territory, in order to harvest enough material 
annually or periodically, and their silvicultural suc- 
cess, i. e., the character of the new crop, is un- 
certain, especially in the mixed forest. The im- 
mediate removal, followed by artificial replacement, 
entails money outlay for the latter from year to 
year, but saves expense in the harvest and reduces the 
investment for roads. Its silvicultural success can be 
forced; it is merely a question of pocket. 
10. The selection forest system is the poorest, both 
financially and silviculturally, and to be applied only 
where absolute necessity for keeping a continuous cover 
exists or where better methods cannot be practiced on 
account of market conditions. 
Over 80 per cent, of the forests of Germany are man- 
aged under a clearing system, "denudation" or rapid 
removal system, less than 20 per cent, are managed under 
slow removal systems or coppice, and mostly only on 
small, limited areas. In Prussian State forests (nearly 
7,000,000 acres) only .5 per cent, (equal to 35,000 acres) 
is managed as selection forest, over 65 per cent, is man- 
aged in clearing and artificial replanting, less than 3 per 
cent, in coppice, the balance (32 per cent.) in rapid re- 
moval system. On the clear areas from 2,000 to 4,000 
seedlings, more or less, are planted, which, in twenty- 
five to thirty-five years, reduced to about 1,800 trees, 
growing up like a wheat field, furnish in sixty years on 
soils not better than the Adirondacks from 30,000 to 
40,000 feet, B. M. 
11. A combination of natural regeneration with arti- 
ficial assistance, is the only rational method where, as in 
our culled forests, the most desirable species have been 
removed and the less desirable and the decrepit have 
been left on the ground. In such cases provision must 
be made to re-establish the desirable kinds by planting, 
after removal or reduction of the less desirable. 
12. The college forest, according to the reading of 
the law, was primarily to be managed as a supply forest, 
"for it is to harvest and reproduce wood crops and earn 
a revenue therefrom"; only secondarily or by implication 
is it to be managed as a protection forest, wherever 
this consideration is essential on steep slopes or hilltops; 
it. is a mixed forest from which the desirable softwoods 
(pine and spruce) have been culled, the less desirable 
hardwoods, decrepit and damaged runts, are left; the 
t management has not been furnished with capital to make 
' gradual removal methods practicable in most places, 
hence concentrated harvest, with artificial replacement of 
softwoods, assisted as far as possible by natural repro- 
duction of both softwoods and hardwoods, leaving hill- 
tops and steep slopes untouched to furnish soil pro- 
duction and additional seeding, is in most places the only 
desirable method. 
The choice of method was therefore partly forced by 
financial considerations, partly a result of deliberation on 
the best silvicultural result. 
Under this system there have been cut over, in the two 
years of operation to date (February. 1902) about 1,000 
acres. Of this acreage perhaps 300 acres may be called 
"denuded," although on these, whatever young timber 
was in existence, has of course been left; within this 
acreage also strips of timber and groups of trees have 
been left untouched along roadsides and on hillsides and 
tops for seeding, protection and esthetic value. Alto- 
gether 255 acres have been planted with 232,000 seedlings 
and 53 pounds of seed, mainly _oi pine and spruce, 
namely, 150 acres of waste lands "and 105 acres of the 
cut area, the rest of the cut area, which could not be got 
ready for planting in the first season will be planted this 
spring, there being in the two large nurseries over 1,000,- 
000 seedlings for the purpose. 
The official reports annually submitted to the Governor 
and Legislature have fully foreshadowed' and explained 
the methods which have been pursued 
g£j yj B. E. Fernow, 
Director N. Y. S. College of Forestry. 
Summer Birds of Flathead Lake. 
An interesting list of Rocky Mountain birds is found 
I'm the Bulletin of the University of Montana, published 
■in 1901. It treats of the summer birds of Flathead Lake 
and is based on observations made by Mr. P. M. Sillo- 
way, between June 14 and August 30, 1900, and in June 
and July, 1901. The area covered includes the foot and 
head of Flathead Lake, Sinyaleamin Lake in the Mission 
Mountain, McDonald Lake, in the Mission Mountain, 
and the region between Mt. McDonald and Flathead 
Lake. Additional observations were made in June and 
July, 1901. 
The region covered lying all on the west side of the 
range, is one of considerable precipitation and is largely 
forest clad. The sides of the mountains are often pre- 
cipitous, and climbing is slow and difficult, while a bird 
shot may fall to the ground 500 feet below the collector, 
and can only be recovered by long, hard work. On the 
other hand, there are some open prairies, and on the lakes 
and along the streams and the waterholes in the plain, 
ducks and waders may be found. To the naturalist the 
region is indeed an attractive one, and it is now so easy 
of access it may well be wondered why it has not become 
a more favored ground for collectors. 
Mr. Silloway's list includes 128 species. It is a summer 
list and it is inferred that about one hundred and twenty 
species breed in the Flathead Lake region, while eight 
are fall migrants that have crossed the border line from 
the north where they had spent the summer. Of the one 
hundred and twenty at least thirty are considered perma- 
nent residents of the region. The others are summer 
birds only. 
One of the interesting occurrences noted in this list is 
that of the evening grosbeak, which was found abun- 
dant and feeding its young from the middle of July on- 
ward. Specimens were taken in June, and Mr. Silloway 
expresses the belief that the bird breeds plentifully in the 
neighborhood, and that it nests later than is generally 
supposed. 
Bob White has been successfully introduced in the lo- 
cality between Flathead Lake and Kalispel and seems to 
be doing well. It is hoped that the species will be allowed 
to adjust itself to its new surroundings and become thor- 
oughly established before it shall be shot. 
Richardson's grouse, Franklin's grouse, the gray ruffed 
grouse and the Columbian sharptailed grouse are all 
found abundant. 
There is much that is interesting in his paper. 
Prof, Morton J. Elrod, the Director of the Montana 
Biological Station, did much to assist the author in com- 
pleting his list of the birds of this interesting region. 
Birds Other Than Game. 
New York, April 25. — Editor Forest and Stream: 
Many sportsmen, when on hunting trips, are in the habit 
of shooting birds that can in no sense be considered 
game, "simply for practice." It is undoubtedly a fact 
that large numbers of gulls, terns, swallows, swifts, night- 
hawks, which in some sections of the country are known 
as bullbats, and birds of like character, as destroyed 
every year. 
Without considering the sesthetic side, of the ques- 
tion, such birds should not be killed, from an economic 
standpoint; they are of great value to the public, and to 
wantonly destroy them for "practice" in shooting is a 
habit that no true sportsman will engage in. Let us hope 
that it is the result of thoughtlessness. 
This appeal is made to the sportsmen of the country, to 
ask them to consider the great value of the non-game 
birds, and it is believed that they will not only abstain 
from killing such birds, but will preach the gospel of 
protection at all times. 
Wm. Dutcher, 
1 Chairman the National Committee 
of the Audubon Societies. 
'*wf* §zg twi 1§wu 
Proprietors of shooting resorts will find it profitable to advertise 
them m Forest and Stream. 
Thr^e Seasons in the Moose Country 
Part I. 
I have read Mr. Irland's series of articles with much 
interest, having enjoyed three consecutive hunting trips 
in the same region. 
Ill September, 1898, Mr. W., usually designated as 
Harry, and a friend, familiarly called Fess, who is also 
infected with the hunting fever, left for the forest of 
New Brunswick, a then comparatively unknown and 
unsung sportsman's paradise. 
They were met at* Fredericton by the late Frank H. 
Risteen, who has published so many interesting sketches 
of hunting trips, and their guide, William Carson. They 
camped on Salmon Brook Lake, and although signs were 
plentiful and several animals were seen, usually out of 
range across the lake, luck was not with them, and they 
succeeded in bagging but a cow caribou, curiously enough 
having small horns. However, the charm of the country 
lay upon them, and all that winter I heard nothing but 
"trajectory," "bore" (a most applicable word in the 
hunting vocabulary, if seemed to me), "elevation," etc. 
Talk about golf as a hobby, it is a pigmy in comparison. 
The most peaceful looking men surprise you by recount- 
ing blood-curdling adventures in which, as a hero is al- 
ways needed, each consents to figure strongly in that 
character. 
The fall of 1899 saw the usual fever even higher. In 
imagination rows of enormous moose were camping 
round Salmon Brook Lake, just pining for "Sports from 
the States." This year October was agreed upon, and, in 
a moment of weakness, I decided to accompany them. 
But business delayed, and it was really well into No- 
vember before we finally left New York. One day en 
route was spent in Montreal, where our stock of firearms 
and ammunition was duly inspected and appraised by the 
customs officials. Then eastward by the Canadian Pacific 
to Fredericton, and northward on the Canada Eastern 
forty miles or so to Boiestown. This railroad is owned 
entirely by a Mr. Gibson, who had made a fortune in the 
lumber business. From Boiestown, a tiny station with a 
few scattering houses, we drove five miles to Wilson's, 
and for the last time in some weeks we enjoyed the 
luxury of a bed. Mr. Wilson is a hale and hearty man 
of eighty winters — summers are too short in that region 
to count. People never get really old in New Brunswick. 
Our guide's mother is a sprightly young thing of ninety, 
and he, himself, a mere youth of only sixty-five. Mr. 
Wilson points with pride to a beautiful Jersey cow, sent 
him by Joseph Jefferson in remembrance of his many 
fishing trips up the Mirimichi. 
In the early gray of the next morning the real hard- 
ship commenced. I donned an abbreviated skirt, heavy 
sweater and water-tight shoepacks lacing to the knee. 
These boots were ordered in Fredericton and are, with- 
out doubt, the best thing of the kind manufactured. I 
shall never forget the expression on the faces of our 
guides when they met us and saw a woman in the party. 
It was an unprecedented occurrence, except for an Eng- 
lish woman who, with her husband, had made the trip on 
horseback. The guides confessed afterward that the 
odds were about a hundred to one that I would give out 
and have to be carried before the first half of the journey 
was completed. Happily, I disappointed them, although 
the traveling was execrable. 
The cold November wind ceased to cut after we en- 
tered the forest. Everything was novel, and after a 
stop at noon to "bait" the baggage teams and "bile the 
kettle," we arrived at dusk at our haven, a group of old 
lumber hovels erected years before, and long since de- 
serted. 
Like Jerome's noted travelers, we were "three and a 
dog" — Sancho, a cocker spaniel, warranted to retrieve 
anything. Evidently New Brunswick birds were out of 
his line, for he utterly ignored the first partridge that 
flew up. Poor Sancho ! his feet were sore from the many 
detours through the brush, his skin tender, and thence- 
forth he hovered as close to the dilapitated stove as pos- 
sible. At night he was a target for everything handy 
to the berths. Then did he retrieve, and so ardently that 
even our deep slumbers, induced by a weary day and a 
bed of balsam boughs, were disturbed. My coat, rolled 
up, was the only pillow I knew. Our berth, constructed 
for a crew of lumbermen, was in two sections. The 
guides preferred the lower, the rest of us the upper, but 
thisr was so near the sloping roof that rising suddenly en- 
tailed many a sharp rap on the head. A phrenologist would 
have thought ours a remarkable development. 
Our arsenal consisted of a .50-100-450, a .40-70-330, and 
my special lightweight .30-30 Winchester and a couple of 
shotguns. Stormy days when I stayed in camp alone I 
went to sleep peacefully, grasping a .44 Smith & Wesson 
ready for any emergency. Be it known, that to fire upon 
a few French-Canadian lumbermen who might make 
themselves obnoxious, is much less grievous in the eyes 
of New Brunswick than to covet one of their cherished 
cow moose. Seventeen lumbermen honored our camp 
one night and slept on the floor in different keys. For 
real, genuine noise, I would recommend a crew of lum- 
bermen in the arms of Morpheus. They carry a roll of 
blanketing about as thick as a sheet; one thickness is 
munificently spread on the floor or ground, the men pack 
in like sardines, with sacks containing their scanty outfit 
for the winter under their heads, and another thick- 
ness, or rather thinness, covers them. Although the ther- 
mometer was close to zero, I never heard them complain. 
We shivered, rolled up in Klondike blankets, fourteen 
pounds to the pair. 
The event of the first week was the loss of Harry's 
first moose. We in camp heard the .40-70 speak twice, 
and waited anxiously for news, but not until dusk did two 
much-disgusted hunters return. Harry had wounded 
a moose and trailed him all day by copious blood stains, 
but probably crowded the animal too closely, for he swam, 
the Little Dungarvon River, and all trace was lost be- 
