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CONTENTS 
(IV) B. Angiosperms 
Stem . , 
Root . , 
Leaf 
. 238 
2 39 
247 
250 
Flower 251 
Stamen 256 
Carpel 260 
Female gametophyte . 264 
Male gametophyte . . 267 
Fertilization .... 268 
Endosperm .... 270 
Embryo 271 
Parthenogenesis . . . 275 
Polyembryony . . . 275 
CHAPTER PAGE 
(IV) Classification .... 276 
Monocotyledons . . 276 
Archichlamydeae . 279 
Sympetalae .... 280 
V. Organic Evolution 283 
Environment 284 
Use and disuse 284 
Natural selection .... 285 
Mutation 288 
Orthogenesis 289 
Weismannism 290 
Isolation 292 
Mendel's law 292 
Heredity 293 
PART II. PHYSIOLOGY 
Introduction 295 
I. The material income of plants 297 
1. The plant cell .... 297 
2. Diffusion and osmosis . 302 
3. Turgor and its conse- 
quences 308 
4. The permeable regions of 
root and shoot . . .311 
II. The material outgo of plants . 323 
1. Transpiration .... 323 
2. Exudation of water . . 332 
3. The movement of water 341 
4. Other losses 352 
III. Nutrition 356 
1. The nature of plant food 356 
2. Photosynthesis .... 363 
(1) The raw materials . 364 
(2) The laboratories . 366 
(3) The energy ... 368 
(4) The products and 
the process . . 373 
3. The synthesis of proteins 377 
4. Other ways of getting 
food 380 
(III) 5. The storage and translo- 
cation of food . . . 388 
6. Digestion 397 
IV. Destructive metabolism . .. 403 
1. Respiration 403 
2. Fermentations .... 409 
3. Waste products and ash 412 
V. Growth and movement . . .417 
1. Growth 417 
2. Irritability 426 
3. Morphogenic stimuli . . 435 
4. Nastic curvatures . . . 442 
5. Locomotion and stream- 
ing 444 
6. Turgor movements . . 45 1 
7. Tropisms 458 
(1) Geotropism . . . 459 
(2) Thigmotropism . . 469 
(3) Traumatropism . . 472 
(4) Rheotropism . . 473 
(5) Chemotropism . . 473 
(6) Phototropism . . 475 
(7) Other tropisms with 
radiant energy . 479 
8. The death of plants . . 480 
