CONTENTS 
PART I. MORPHOLOGY 
CHAPTER PAGE 
I. Thallophytes I 
1. Myxomycetes I 
2. Schizophytes 4 
(1) Cyanophyceae ... 4 
(2) Schizomycetes . . . 10 
3. Algae 14 
(1) Chlorophyceae ... 15 
(a) Volvocales . . 15 
(b) Protococcales . 20 
(c) Confervales . . 24 
(d) Siphonales . . 33 
(e) Conjugates . . 37 
(f) Charales ... 41 
(2) Phaeophyceae ... 44 
(a) Phaeosporales . 45 
(b) Fucales ... 49 
(3) Rhodophyceae ... 54 
4. Fungi 61 
(1) Phycomycetes ... 62 
(a) Oomycetes . . 62 
(b) Zygomycetes . 67 
(2) Ascomycetes ... 70 
(a) Protoascales . . 70 
(b) Protodiscales . 71 
(c) Helvellales . . 71 
(d) Pezizales ... 71 
(e) Tuberales ... 74 
(f) Plectascales . . 74 
(g) Pyrenomycetales 75 
(h) Laboulbeniales . 77 
Lichens 78 
(3) Basidiomycetes . . 80 
(a) Ustilaginales . 81 
(b) Uredinales . . 82 
(c) Auriculariales . 86 
(d) Tremellales . . 86 
(e) Dacromycetales 86 
(f) Exobasidiales . 86 
(g) Thelephorales . 87 
(h) Clavariales . . 87 
vii 
(I) (i) Agaricales . . 87 
(j) Hymenogas- 
trales ... 90 
(k) Sclerodermales 90 
(1) Lycoperdales . 90 
(m) Nidulariales . 90 
(n) Phallales 90 
Lichens . . 91 
II. Bryophytes .92 
1. Hepaticae 93 
(1) Marchantiales . . 93 
(2) Jungermanniales . 101 
(a) Anacrogynae . 101 
(b) Acrogynae . .103 
(3) Anthocerotales . .106 
2. Musci . . . . . .no 
(1) Sphagnales . no 
(2) Andreaeales . .114 
(3) Bryales . . . .115 
III. Pteridophytes 122 
(1) Lycopodiales . .122 
(2) Psilotales . . . .142 
(3) Sphenophyllales . 143 
(4) Equisetales . . . 143 
(5) Ophioglossales . . 149 
(6) Filicales . . . .155 
(a) Filicineae . .155 
(b) Hydropteridi- 
neae . .170 
IV. Spermatophytes ... .180 
A. Gymnosperms . .181 
(1) Cycadofilicales . . 181 
(2) Bennettitales . .185 
(3) Cycadales .... 190 
(4) Cordaitales . . .203 
(5) Ginkgoales . . .207 
(6) Coniferales . . .212 
(a) Taxaceae . 212 
(b) Pinaceae 219 
(7) Gnetales .... 228 
