CONTENTS 
CHAPTER PAOE 
I. INTRODUCTION 1 
II. FOLIAGE LEAVES: THE LIGHT RELATION .... 6 
III. FOLIAGE LEAVES : FUNCTION, STRUCTURE, AND PROTECTION 28 
IV. SHOOTS 53 
V. ROOTS 89 
VI. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 109 
VII. FLOWERS AND INSECTS 123 
VIII. AN INDIVIDUAL PLANT IN ALL OF ITS RELATIONS . . 138 
IX. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 142 
X. THE NUTRITION OF PLANTS 149 
XL PLANT SOCIETIES : ECOLOGICAL FACTORS .... 169 
XII. HYDROPHYTE SOCIETIES 177 
XIII. XEROPHYTE SOCIETIES 188 
XIV. MESOPHYTE SOCIETIES 214 
XV. THE PLANT GROUPS 221 
XVI. THALLOPHYTES : ALG^E 224 
XVII. THE GREAT GROUPS OF ALG^E 232 
XVIIL THALLOPHYTES : FUNGI 264 
XIX. BRYOPHYTES (MOSS PLANTS) 299 
XX. THE GREAT GROUPS OF BRYOPHYTES .... 308 
XXL PTERIDOPHYTES (FERN PLANTS) 320 
XXII. THE GREAT GROUPS OF PTERIDOPHYTES .... 334 
XXIII. SPERMATOPHYTES : GYMNOSPERMS 343 
XXIV. SPERMATOPHYTES: ANGIOSPERMS 358 
XXV. MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLEDONS .... 376 
GLOSSARY 383 
INDEX 389 
ix 
