SPERMATOPHYTES : ANGIOSPERMS 
The testa is variously developed in seeds, sometimes 
being smooth and glistening, sometimes pitted, sometimes 
rough with warts or ridges. Sometimes prominent append- 
ages are produced which assist in seed-dispersal, as the 
wings in Catalpa or Bignonia (Fig. 115), or the tufts of 
hair on the seeds of milkweed, cotton, or fireweed. 
246. The fruit. The effect of fertilization is felt beyond 
the boundaries of the ovule, which forms the seed. The 
ovary is also involved, and becomes more or less modified. 
It enlarges more or less, sometimes becoming remarkably 
enlarged. It also changes in structure, often becoming 
hard or parchment-like. In case it contains several or 
numerous seeds, it is organized to open in some way and 
discharge them, as in the ordinary pods and capsules (Fig. 
122). In case there is but one seed, the modified ovary 
wall may invest it as closely as another integument, and a 
seed-like fruit is the result a fruit which never opens and 
is practically a seed. Such a fruit is known as an akene, 
and is very characteristic of the greatest Angiosperm family, 
the Composite, to which sunflowers, asters, golden-rods, 
daisies, thistles, dandelions, etc., belong. Dry fruits which 
do not open to discharge the seed often bear appendages 
to aid in dispersal by wind (Figs. 116, 117), or by animals 
(Fig. 129). 
Capsules, pods, and akenes are said to be dry fruits, but 
in many cases fruits ripen fleshy. In the peach, plum, 
cherry, and all ordinary " stone fruits," the modified ovary 
wall organizes two layers, the inner being very hard, form- 
ing the " stone," the outer being pulpy, or variously modi- 
fied (Fig. 330). In the true berries, as the grape, currant, 
tomato, etc., the whole ovary becomes a thin-skinned pulpy 
mass in which the seeds are imbedded. 
In some cases the effect of fertilization in changing 
structure is felt beyond the ovary. In the apple, pear, 
quince, and such fruits, the pulpy part is the modified 
calyx (one of the floral leaves), the ovary and its contained 
