STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES 
ceptacle among the flowers are called chaff. The family is 
composed of two series: I. Tubuliflorae, with all the perfect 
FIG. 368. Toad-flax (Linaria vulgaris) . Inflorescence, showing normal 
(spurred) flowers, and several abnormal flowers without spurs. 
flowers tubular, as in the daisy; II. Liguliflorae, with no 
tubular flowers, but all the flowers having a strap-shaped 
