552 Classification of Animals. 
spects be inferior to that of Linnaeus, still its comprehensive and 
philosophic views, we consider, gave that direction to the study of 
Zoology which paved the way to the discovery of those principles 
upon which the natural system is based. Of partial systems, or 
such as are confined to particular classes of animals, that of Tem- 
mirick in ornithology is justly considered the best ; his primary di- 
visions, though forced and unnatural, and amounting to as many as 
sixteen in number, being clear, and therefore easily comprehended, 
and his genera, though few, well and carefully defined. The other 
ornithological systems noticed are those of Illiger, Vieillot, and 
Lesson, the peculiar features of which respectively come under the 
author's review. Of systems restricted to entomology, those of De 
Geer, Fabricius, Latreille, Clairville, and Leach, are particularly 
mentioned, and are accompanied by tables containing their divisions 
of the class. The chapter concludes with a few apposite observa- 
tions on Binary or Dichotomous systems, which he shows to be not 
only among the most artificial of all arrangements, but as even in- 
competent to answer the purpose of a mere index to genera and 
species. From artificial, the author in the next chapter passes to 
the consideration of natural systems, or those " which endeavour to 
explain the multifarious relations which one object bears to another, 
not simply in their direct affinity, but in their more remote relations, 
whereby they typify or represent other objects totally distinct in 
structure and organization from themselves by certain general laws." 
After noticing Hermann's work, the Tabula Affinilatum Animali- 
um, and T,amarck's System of the Soft or Molluscous Animals, in 
which that eminent naturalist caught a glimpse of the first great 
principle of natural arrangement, by discovering that the animal 
series was of a complex and branching nature, and not simple or 
linear, as had been previously supposed, he passes to the circular 
theory of MrM'Leay,as developed in the flora? Entomologies of that 
enlightened author, in which the fundamental principles of the na- 
twral system were first made public. Of this important treatise, 
the origin and foundation of a new and better school of Zoology, 
which is fast attaining a degree of perfection that could never have 
been acquired under any former system, he gives a detailed expo- 
sition, rendered the more necessary from the extreme rarity of the 
work in question, whose philosophic pages, few students can now 
hope to have an opportunity of consulting. This exposition he con- 
cludes with some important remarks, which, that they may not lose 
their effect, we give in the words of the author. " We have been 
