BLACK WATER FEVER 
199 
blackwater fever. At Tantura, the colony is now deserted on account of the severe 
malaria and blackwater fever. At Isbeid, blackwater fever also occurs commonly in 
some seasons. It occurs also at Smyrna. 
Africa. 
To treat of the history of blackwater fever in Africa, its distribution, is quite 
beyond the scope of this article, and would in tact require a treatise in itself. I can 
again only give short notes from the sources which have been available. 
Soudan (Bahr el Gaza/). 
A death from blackwater fever was recorded from this region of Soudan, in 
the public press, August, 1902. I am informed that others have occurred since. 
Carmouze 96 records cases at Kayes, 1 5 0 N., 14 0 W., approximately. 
Algeria. 
Kelsch and Kiene*. 97 state that ' lnemoglobinurie n'est pas exclusivenent liee 
aux fievres bilieuses des pays chauds. Nous avons deja signale son apparation assez 
trequente dans les fievres d'Algerie, and also 'les pyrexies dans les quelles l'hemoglobi- 
nurie est le symptome predominant — sont dans la region Mediterraneene exceptionelles.' 
Vallin 98 records a case. It seems that blackwater fever is rare in Algeria. 
With regard to the distribution of malaria, or its varying intensity, 1 could find no 
data. With regard, however, to the species of parasite, Billet 99 states that in Algeria, 
over a large area, the quartan parasite reaches a maximum value of only 2*5 per cent., 
but in Grande Kabylie it is 70 per cent. Such variations in the distribution of a 
particular species of parasite, in all probability, imply considerable variations, also in 
intensity of malaria, and it remains to be seen in what portions of Algeria really 
severe malaria occurs. 
Senegal. 
As it is commonly asserted by laymen on the West Coast of Africa that 
blackwater fever is a recent disease, it is interesting to note that in Senegal, according 
to Berengzr Feraud 150 , ' it has been observed as early as 1841, and from the resem- 
blance of these histories to earlier ones, probably also in 1839, 18^0, 1825, 1820, 
shortly after the arrival and settling of Europeans in Senegambia.' 
Assini and Grand Bassam. 
' M. Legrain, 1 8 50- 1 8 5 1 , calls especial attention to the blackwater, stating 
that it was the only time he had seen it. Grand Bassam, 1855, three cases of 
" pissement du sang." ' 
