GYMNOSPEEMS AXD MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
31 
root, and the development of vascular tissue, we find a structure 
unknown in the Cryptogams, viz., the seed, within which the 
embryo, or commencement of a new individual, is developed and 
protected by one or more envelopes (seed-coats), consisting of 
tissues . of the mother plant. 
The left-hand portion of Bay IX. contains specimens of the Gynmosperms 
smaller division of seed-plants, the Gymnosperms, in which the cotyl^dwis 
pollen falls directly on the naked ovule. In the wall-case the Bay IX. 
upper row of specimens illustrates the form of the leaf, while 
the lower deals with the stem and root. The internal structure 
of these is demonstrated by means of large sections. Important 
details in structure form the subject of the drawings in the 
upper part of the case. This part of the case also contains 
specimens of the flower and fruit. The Cycads are of 
special interest, demonstrating the leaf-nature of the carpel or 
ovule-bearing organ. 
Passing to the right-hand portion of the bay, we come to the 
Angiospermous division of seed-plants ; in these the pollen 
penetrates the stigma and fertilises the ovule in a closed 
chamber or ovary, which develops into the fruit enclosing the 
seed. Here we find the smaller class of Angiosperms, known 
as Monocotyledons, and characterised by a single seed-leaf or 
cotyledon, and foliage leaves with more or less parallel veins, 
without the irregular network found in a dicotyledonous leaf. An 
upper series in the wall-case illustrates the leaf, while below 
the characters of the stem and root are shown. Some anatomi- 
cal drawings are placed in the upper part of the case. The 
right-hand half of the central case contains specimens of 
the flower, fruit, and seed, wax models being frequently 
employed. Among these will be noticed many grasses and 
sedges, which, with the palms, arums, orchids, and liliaceous 
plants, form the bulk of the Monocotyledons. 
At the back of the bay is a fine polished section of a buttress 
Irom the base of the Tapang (Ahcmria cxcclsa), the largest tree 
in I>orneo, attaining a height of 250 feet. 
The last bay contains the Dicotyledons, characterised by a Bay x. 
pair of cotyledons and foliage leaves with an irregularly netted ^^cotyledoaso 
venation. Here also the arrangement of the vegetative parts of 
the plant is based on its differentiation into root, stem, and leaf. 
