Aug. 23, 1902.] 
FOREST AND STREAM 
148 
tr re was also faund n-ecessary to maintain man's existence, 
nnd was co-existent Avith the killing of game for man's 
nupport. Why is it then that the labor of agriculture 
has .not hecome a trait in man's nature, and have been 
raised thereby to the realm of sport along with the pursuit 
,of game? Is it not because the labor of agriculture is 
performed almost solely to procure something useful to 
man' while the pursuit of game has becohie largely a 
diversion? Exceptions prove the rule. I know of a few 
cases where wealthy persons have turned to agriculture as 
a diversion, from other business, and who. regard it as 
sport. But how is it in the case of the laborers they cm- 
ploy, who dig their potatoes and ditches at $1 per day? 
On the other , hand, T have seen market-shooters and 
fishermen who got about the same amount of sport out of 
their avocation that they would out of digging potatoes or 
ditches. 
Coahoma'tells us the including of athletic games in the 
^categoi-y of sport is unwarranted. To maintain this con- 
tention he must show that there is no diver.sion in these 
games. 
I must take issue with Coahoma in another matter. He 
tells us- the sport of big-game hunting has degenerated 
from the pursuit of the "good meat" to the pursuit of the 
1 rophy. • . • 
It is true that sportsmen are pusuing big game more 
for the sake of the sport and less for the commercial value 
'jf the game than formerly, but if this be degeneration let 
lis have more of it. 
1 can see why a sportsman spends valuable time, and 
say $200 in money, and endures privations and hardships 
to secure a fine head of moose, elk or other coveted 
trophy, for mounted in the semblance of life it becomes "a 
thing of beauty and a joy forever." It is not only a 
handsome embellishment of his home, but is also a con- 
stant and pleasant reminder of his sport. 
I cannot see why a sportsman should spend valuable 
time and $200 in money and endure privations' and hard- 
ships to secure say $25 worth of meat. 
No one can deplore the unnecessary waste of game 
more than myself. However, when a person kills game 
lawfully and allows all of it but the trophy tOi lie and 
rot where it fell, tlie loss is solely his, and no' one else 
suffers greater loss than they would had he eat the good 
meat. It docs not follow necessarily that the person, who 
l-'ills big game for the trophy wastes the meat. There are 
I'sually luflibermen, trappers, or residents near by who 
iire only too glad to get it and niake good iise of it when 
iiotified by the person who killed the animal. This I 
think is done in a majority of cases, and I sincerely hope 
it will always he done in all cases where otherwise the 
meat would be left to rot. 
Jos. W. Shurter. 
Gansevoort, Aug. 16. 
The Reforestation of Minnesota. 
The Chippewa Reservation, situated in northern Minne- 
.lota, with its thousands of acres of primeval pine forest 
jjiterlaced and interwoven with placid lakes and running 
streams, was to be thrown open to the lumberman, and 
what existed as a sylvan paradise was to be speedily 
turned into a desert waste of stump-covered, cut-over 
lands. 
Early in the winter of 1897 the Minnesota State Medical " 
Society, the State Educational Society and the Minnesota 
Federation of Women's Clubs, started the movement to- 
ward saving the pines upon this reservation. 
The Forestry Committee of the Federation of Women's ■ 
Clubs, headed by Mrs. Bramhall, visited the Governor 
of Minnesota and urged the appropriation b}"^ the Legis- 
lature of a sum sufficient to enable the State to purchase 
some wooded islands and promontories in this reserva- 
tion. This being impracticable because of the many 
other appropriations then being asked of the Legislature, 
the committee appealed to^ the Secretary of the Interior 
to withhold the entire reservation from public sale, and 
at the same time requested of the Minnesota Legislature 
that a memorial to that effect be passed, which was done, 
and the Chippewa Reservation was withdrawn from the 
market. 
This was tmquestionably the most vital step taken in 
the whole history of the strt:ggle to save this reservation, 
and to the cltib women and doctors of the State belongs 
this credit. Had this effort not been made, long ere this 
would the land and pines have passed into the hands of 
private owners. 
And now comes Col, John S. Cooper, of Chicago, an 
enthusiastic lover of the piney woods, who, after a visit 
to the reservation, learning of the efforts being made to 
save these pine forests, enthusiastically- entered into the 
project. With a view of enlarging the scope of the work 
and bringing influence to bear beyond the State of Minne- 
sota, a meeting was called at Chicago. This was at- 
tended from St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth and other 
parts of Minnesota and from Chicago. 
A map was shown at this meeting, of the proposed na- 
tional park and forest reserve. It embraced an area of 
territory far in excess of the Chippewa Reservation, so 
much so as to include a number of villages and settled 
tracts many miles in extent, in the aggregate about 7,000,- 
000 acres. It was stich an enlargement of the original 
plan that it at once aroused the ire of the Duluth delega- 
tion and war was declared then and there throtigh its 
spokesman, Judge Morris, who pledged himself to fight it' 
to the death. 
The mistake of expanding the Chippewa Reservation 
over scores of miles of more or less thickly populated 
territory already in the hands of settlers and private own- 
ers, was manifest, and it was immediately corrected, and 
the Chippewa Reservation was held to only, which molli- 
fied the opposition somewhat. 
Printed matter issued subsequent to the meeting con- 
tained what was known as a compromise site, which was 
simply the area of the reservation originally asked for. 
The women's clubs throughout the State of Minnesota 
and the medical associations were daily discussing and ' 
exploiting the subject of forest preservation. Petitions 
and private letters poured in upon Minnesota's representa- 
tives in Washington, making life a burden to them. 
The village of Cass Lake and the greater part of 
Duluth were violently opposing the permanent closing of 
the reservation. 
A Congressional visit was planned and made to the 
reservation, but unfqi-tunately sorne of those selected as 
moving spirits on this trip were so notoriously against 
timber preservation that this Congressional excursion was 
looked upon with more or less suspicion, and the advo- 
cates of the National Minnesota Forest Reserve were ac- 
cordingly regarded by many as tools of the lumbermen, 
helping them to keep a large body of timber out of the 
]uarket temporarily, until they were ready to purchase. 
The papers publishing the enlarged area , of the pro- 
posed park were circulated among the villages and settlers 
interested and much hostility to the measure resulted 
therefrom. 
Trips to Washington and other points were made at 
various times by Mrs. L. P. Williams, Miss Sanford and 
Mrs,' C; S. Cairns, representing the Federation of 
Women's Clubs of Minnesota. President McKinley was 
visited, as well as the members of the Minnesota delega- 
tion. Col. Cooper likewise visited Washington on this 
same mission. There were others not herein mentioned 
who were, in their own way, persistently spreading the 
gospel of forestry. 
The Federation of Women's Clubs met at Duluth, the 
hotbed of the opposition, and Dr. Schenck was brought 
from Biltmore, N. C, to explain the meaning of practical 
forestry. The meeting, if inharmonious, was neverthe- 
less instructive and interesting. 
Meetings were being held throughout the State, and 
people were gradually being educated as to the neces- 
sity of saving some of the remaining pine trees. 
Mr. Tawny was prepared to bring the matter before 
Congress, but Mr. Morris prevailing upon the Speaker, 
Mr. Tawney failed to get recognition atid Congress ad- 
journed. 
The Federation of Women's Clubs once more,, through 
their representative. Mrs. Bramhall, approached our State 
Legislature for endorsement of the measure to save the 
reserv'ation, and succeeded in securing it. Failure to se- 
cure favorable- action from Congress had well nigh dis- 
couraged every worker in the cause, even the most en- 
thusiastic. The endorsement at this time o.f the Minne- 
sota Legislature was not only opportune, but of the 
highest nnporlance. It was, a notice to our representa- 
tives that the struggle to save some of the forests had 
not been abandoned. 
Cass Lake village, anxious for more lumber-jack pros- 
perity, sent a delegation to St. Paul and Minneapolis urg- 
ing the opening of the reservation, but received no en- 
couragement. In the meantime the cutting of the "dead 
and down" timber on the reservation was again allowed 
under the Nelson Bill, and the usual infamous thievery 
and scandals followed. Then in. due course the Morris 
Bill was framed, and after much negotiation and com- 
promise, was whipped into the present form. 
Mr. Tawney, of all the Minnesota delegation, was the 
one and steadfast friend of this forest reserve movement 
from start to finish. 
Final conferences having been held, at which at vari- 
ous times were present the Minnesota Congressional dele- 
gation, Prof. Pinchot, Prof. Schenck, Col. Cooper and 
Cass Lake representatives, the clauses relative to refor- 
estation in the Morris Bill were agreed upon, and it was 
duly presented, passed and finally signed by the President 
and became law. . • ' " 
The bill was not what the forest reserve advocates 
hoped for, as the timber cutting was reversed, instead of 
cutting approximately ten per cent, annually and thus 
perpetuating the forests under forestry rules, it is pro- 
posed, under the Morris Bill, to cut at once ninety-five 
per cent, and depend on reforestation for the future. 
The sum of results is that about 20,000 acres of primeval 
forest are saved intact for the people, and the forest 
lands, outside of the allotments to the Indians, are to be 
turned over tq the Bureau of Forestry for reforestration 
after ninety-five pei^ cent, of the pine timber has been cut. 
The Morris Bill gives the first great impetus to re- 
forestration in Minnesota, and although Judge Morris has 
consistently and persistently fought every attempt to save 
the timber on the Chippewa Reservation, and although 
he no doubt would much prefer that his bill contained no 
forestry clauses whatsoever, yet in spite of all this, Judge 
Morris is doomed to have his name go down to posterity 
inseparably conected with forest preservation in Minne- 
sota. One hundred years from . now, when new piney 
giants will have grown and matured from between the 
stumps of those now about to be cut, and when the 
reservation will have once more taken on its primeval 
appearance, then will a grateful public come forward and, 
amid the pines he loved so well, will it erect a statue 
to Judge Morris and will his name go down upon tlie 
receding waves of the ocean of time as the father of 
forestry in the great Northwest. 
It certainly has been difficult to educate the average 
citizen of Minnesota up to the necessity of saving the 
remnants of the pine forests, btit during the educational 
campaign of the past five years much sentiment toward 
forest preservation has been created: 
To the initiators of the movement, our medical men and 
our cltib. women, is due all credit. Drs. Bell, Craft and 
Dunning, and Profs. Northrup and Green were ever on 
the alert in the interests of the movement. Mrs. L. P. 
Williams, Miss Sanford, Mrs. Bramhall. Miss Margaret 
J. Evans and Mrs. ■ Cairns, representing the Women's 
Clubs of our State, and Miss Obenauer, editor of the 
Courant,, were more than enthusiastic and absolutely tire- 
less and indefatigable. 
Then there was Gen. Andrews, who loved the forest, 
and who from the first gave valuable aid and advice, and 
who stood always ready to serve the cause. His lec- 
tures on forestry throughout the .Siate and his annual 
forestry reports as Chief Fire Warden, giving muchi 
space to forest preservation, did much to create sentiment 
in favor of forestry. 
■ And immediately upon the passage of the Morris Bill, 
at the solicitation of Gen. Andrews, are 400,000 additional 
acres of pine forests along the shores of Lake Superior 
set aside for future generations as a forest reserve. 
■ Our commercial bodies, the Chamber of Commerce, the 
Jobbers' Union and the Commercial Club, were eventu- 
ally strongly committed to the scheme of forest preserva- 
tion. 
Our chief paper, the Pioneer Press, has pictorially and 
editorially stood by the forestry cause from the incep- 
tion of the work and done immeasurable good through- 
out the 'State. ' . 
Outside of our own State, there is Col. Cooper, of 
Chicago, a man whose enthusiasm for the cause of forest 
preservation has known no bounds, whose time, energy 
and pocket book have been ever at the disposal of the 
good cause, and who has made at times the cause of 
forestry his daily work, leaving his law business to. Sun- 
days and such other moments as he had to spare. 
To his enthusiasm and tireless energy and persistence 
arc the people of Minnesota largely indebted. 
It was on the part of all a labor of love and philan- 
thropy throughout. Not a single forestry advocate had 
an ax to grind. The ladies, God bless them, went into 
the work with no reward awaiting them other than suc- 
cess. The doctors were selfish, for did they not want to 
save to the people a healing, balm-producing breathing 
spot among the pines where their racked and fever-con- 
sumed patients could be nursed back to^ health and 
strength ? 
Gen. Andrews had no ax to grind other than to save the 
pines we had left, and, if possible, to make two trees 
grow where one grew before. 
As to Col. Cooper, he is not even a citizen of our State, 
so that no imputation of hoped-for political preferment 
can be lodged at his door. 
Those forwarding this movement on the face of it have 
not gotten what they wanted, but as 'a practical fact it is 
a question as to whether they have not builded better 
than they knew. Heretofore "reforestation" has been a 
missing word in the dictionary of Minnesota. It is there 
now, and to. "stay pitt." Yes, more, to spread and en- 
large until thousands of cut-over acres of barren, rocky, 
sandy, stump-covered soil will in time begin to grow, un- 
der reforestation, their crops of pine. In other words, we 
will now begin to do what Germany and Austria began to 
do over a hundred years ago, conserve and reforest our 
pine lands. 
Generations may come and go, but the Federal Govern- 
m.ent will go on, and under its protection the Minnesota 
pine forests will grow and thrive, until once more the 
white pine of Minnesota will take its place, although to a 
comparatively limited extent, among the merchantable 
lumber of commerce. ' Charles Cristadoro. 
St. Pacl, Aug, 2. . 
A Binary Mother. 
Editor Forest and Stream: 
A freak of nature has recently come under my observa- 
tion, which has interested me not a little. It is a case of 
divided allegiance or duplex devotion to two mothers; 
and a refutation, therefore, of the postulate that one can- 
not serve two masters.; and a signal proof that the diffi- 
cult problem which the all-wise Solomon was called to 
solve might have otherwise worked out its own solution 
in a manner quite agreeable to all concerned, the judge 
included. 
It is a case of two well-favored fowls, a white Leg- 
liorn and a Plymouth Rock, who "stole a nest" together 
one day last July, and after the customary' period of 
patient incubation came off with a lone, diminutive white 
chick as the sole product of nine fresh-laid eggs duly set 
cn. Whereupon an entente cordiale was established all 
around which three continuous weeks have failed to 
lireak. but rather seemed to strengthen. The brace of 
■■biddies'" cluck and scratch together like a working team, 
and brood together as far as they can, for whichever 
hen gathers in the chick, the other nestles alongside quite 
contented, and the buntling slips from under the one to 
the other just as if it were one common canopy of 
feathers. The mutual solicitude is marvelous to behold. 
The Siamese twins were not in closer accord, for what 
attracts or frightens one affects the other, and the chick 
conforms to both, nmning two ways at "once as far as it 
can, and when both hens happen to scratch a bug or worm 
coincidently, the chick is heroic in its attempts to do 
double duty. 
Notwithstanding this dual maternity, and this joint 
commissariat, and conserving care, the runt is hardly 
larger now at the end of three weeks than it was when 
it bursted the natal shell. But the mothers are still assidu- 
ous. Neither seems to be jealous of maternal preroga- 
tives, though each claims preemption rights, and per- 
sistently hold down the 3ame claim, as they say in 
squatter's parlance. Great expectations are manifestly 
banked on the future growth and development. The 
strongest part of the composite paradox is that neither 
fowl has shown the slightest interest to discover why a 
full clutch was not hatched out in the first place, according 
to the laws of incubation. Were this a case of natural 
selection or survival of the fittest, or an operation of the 
Malthusian process, the fact would remain and is sadly 
in evidence that the chick does not thrive well under the 
binary tutelage. It is. obliged to "rustle" more than is 
good for its constitution. Too much effort at its callow 
age is exhausting ; makes it thin and puny, bantling the 
antithesis of Banting, as it were. 
Charles Hallock. 
Plainfield, Mass. 
Wild Animals of the North. 
From Ricliardson's "Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of 
the Northern Parts of British America." 
" 'Persons who attempt to take beaver in winter should 
be thoroughly acquainted with their manner of life, other- 
wise they will have endless trouble to effect their purpose, 
because they have always a number of holes in the banks 
which serve them as places of retreat when any injury 
is offered to their houses; and in general it is in those 
holes that they are taken. When the beaver which are 
situated in a small river or creek are to be taken, the 
Indians sometimes find it necessary to stake the river 
across, to prevent them from passing, after which they 
endeavor to find out all their holes or places of retreat in 
the banks. This requires much practice and experience lo 
