•Oef. 25. 1902.] 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
831 
Fish and Fishing. 
Uaaeigbb My Conduct* 
Tbh Department of Fisheries of the Province of On- 
tario have been endeavoring- for some time past o secure 
specimens of eggs of the ouananiche of northern Quebec, 
for the purpose of introducing them into Ontario waters, 
but in every nstance their efforts have proved unsuccess- 
ful, those controlling llie most accessible waters in which 
they are found in the Province of Quebec being apparently 
determined to prevent the further distribution of the 
variety. The very same fish, anatomically considered, is 
found in the lakes of both Maine and New Hampsh re, 
and I am not aware that any attempt has been made in 
either of those States, as in the Province of Quebec, to 
prevent the export of spawn or specimens of adult fish for 
breeding purposes. It is true that the ouananiche or so- 
called landlock-s of New Hampshire and Maine, are for 
the most part bottom feeders, and attain a much larger 
size than the^r near congeners of Lake St. John, but 
different habits surely do not constitute a d fferent variety, 
and it would be by Jio means surprising if a change of 
habitat made a great difference in the habits of a fish. I 
see no reason whatever to doubt that the progeny of the 
Maine Psh transplanted into the cold rapid waters of 
northern Ontario, would afford quite as good sport to the 
fly-fisherman as the ouananiche of tire Grand Discharge. 
In Newfoundland, however, the Ontar o people will find 
an abundance of ouananiche, perfectly identical in both 
habits and habitat with the ouananiche of Lake St. John; 
and many of the rivers of Labrador, as frequently men- 
tioned in these columns, contain large numbers of them. 
The question of replenishisg depleted waters with new 
forms of fish hfe is rece ving considerable attention at 
present in the Province of Ontario. The qualities of the 
black bass are carefully noted, and while there are few 
so bold as to challenge its superiority as a game fish, 
there is much adverse criticism of its conduct toward 
lighbors, and much alarm is expressed lest it should 
anted in waters whence it might obtain access to 
or streams containing trout. The young of the 
;led trout have certainly enough of dangers surround- 
hem. without the addition of nelv ones, and not the 
of these arises iv-m the cannibalistic tendencies of 
own parents, This is a crime which none can 
seriously lay aga-nst the black bass. Instead of feeding 
upon the eggs of their kind, as soon as they are de- 
posited, as both trout and whitefish have been known to 
do, the parent bass remains on guard over its eggs until 
they are hatched and cnlj- abandons its young when they 
are able to take care of themselves. Their fecundit}' is 
so great that a few pairs of parent fish soon suffice to 
populate the waters in which they are placed. It is cer- 
tain that much unnecessary and unintentional destruction 
of parent bass in Ontario waters is due to the too early 
opening of the fishing season. Bass may at present be 
caught in Ontario on June 18, though many of the fish 
taken for several days after that date are found to be full 
of spawn. It will be remembered that the North Amer- 
ican Fish and Game Protective Associat on has already 
recommended that the close season should be extended 
to July I, and efforts are now being made with the 
Federal authorities, which it is confidently expected will 
prove successful, to have this recommendation carried into 
&ffect. 
It is understood that means are to be adopted by the 
Ontario author ties for the introduction of steelheads 
from British Columbia, but the suggestion has been made 
e rainbow trout would be likely to succeed bet- 
- • i \VOuld certainly afford better sport. It may be 
)th these varieties of Western salmonidas will, ere 
e numbered among the game fishes of the Province 
Lario. 
The Result of Pfotcctfon. 
Nothing speaks mote eloquently fot the cause of protec- 
tion of angl ng waters than the records of big fish con- 
stantly captured in the Thames and in other streams which 
are surrounded by a teeming population. The angling 
column of a small English sporting paper records that 
during the late trout fishing season on the Thames, the 
average weight of sixty-four trout caught between Ted- 
dington and Lechlade, was four pounds ten ounces. The 
v.e ghts of some of the trout caught at Henley are given 
as follows: 10 pounds 4 ounces, 9 pounds 11 ounces,' 8 
■pounds 8 ounces, and two of 7 pounds 8 ounces each. The 
largest of the above measured 2 feet 4 inches in length. 
These fish are, of course, the Von Behr or brown 
trout, the common brook trout of Europe, known in 
science as Salmo far to ; and in the dimensions to which 
they attain in some of the English waters, recall the 
"Fordidge trout" of Izaak Walton, which are cauglit in 
the Stour. near Canterbury, and of which Walton tells 
us that many of them are "near the bigness of a sal- 
mon." 
It will be welcome news for the readers of Forest ANir 
Stream, many of whom are members of the Sportsmen's 
Fish and Garse Protectiv-e Associat. on of the Province of 
Quebec, to learn that the Hon. Mr, Parent, Minister of 
Lands, Mines and Fisheries, has marked his appreciation 
of the work being done by the society by according it a 
Government grant of $400 a year. The Association is 
perfect ng its organization, and is already striking terror 
into the hearts of many notorious offenders against 
the fish and game laws. Shortly after the close of the 
trout fishing season in Quebec, one of its officials con- 
fiscated seven dozen of fine trout which had been illegally 
taken out of Lake St. Charles, and the offender was also 
fined. On the principle that it is not all of fishing to 
catch fish, the Association is bending itself to the task of 
protecting those forms of desirable bird and animal life 
which contribute, to the pleasures and the attractions of 
a holiday spent on lake or stream. Beavers and their won- 
derful .dams are by no, means the least of these attrac- 
tions, and - when the Association was instrumental, at the 
last session of the Legislature, in having the present 
close season, for beaver extended until Nov. I, 1905, it also 
determined to do its best to enforce the new law. Ad- 
mirers of these interesting little animals will be glad to 
learn fhat the Association has recently made a seizure of 
j)9 les8:than fourteen live Beavers, wbicji iiaid illegally 
captured and were oh the point of being sh'pped from 
Quebec to Mr, Menier's island of Anticosti. for his private 
preserve. E. T. D. Chambers. 
CHICAGO AND THE WEST. 
Gfayttog and Troot. 
It has always been supposed by the anglers of this part 
of the L'nited States that, of the two fishes, the brook 
trout was more aggressive and more destructive of its 
neighbor than the grayling. It is commonly understood 
among Michigan fishermen that when the trout once get 
into a grayling stream the grayling is bound to disappear, 
atid this gradual disappearance of the latter fish, which 
has amounted pract cally to the extinction of the species 
in most of the State of Michigan, has always been at- 
tributed to the introduction of the trout into the grayling 
streams quite as much as to the logging operations. It is 
a matter of some surprise to Western men to read in 
the English angling papers of a point of view regarding 
these two fishes which is diametrically opposed to that 
v/hich obtains in America. Thus, in an English angling 
paper, Mr. S. Ludlow, writing of the fishing along the 
Teme R.ver, remarks : "In conversation with an old 
angler as to the trout in this part, he says: .'Trout are 
more scarce than usual, but grayling arc more plentiful 
and larger this season, and I think the grayling destroy 
the trout spawn.'" This certainly is a new thing in 
angling lore, and if it be in the least correct, all one can 
say is that it is a fact hitherto undiscovered in our 
grayling country. We have always been accustomed to 
look upon the grayling as a beautiful and somewhat help- 
less fish, doomed to extermination by reason of the greater 
strength and rapacity of its cousin the brook trout. The 
grayling does not seem to be as highly esteemed in Eng- 
land as the trout {S. fario), and once in a while one sees 
argument upon the question whether grayling ought to be 
introduced into streams already supporting trout. The 
anglers of Michigan look upon the matter in precisely the 
opposite way. 
A Tfoat Stream in Octoter. 
A friend and I favored with 'kn invitation, dropped in 
for two or three days of rest and quiet at the "Wood- 
pile," on the Pine, up in Wisconsin. Will am Wood, 
the preserve keeper, is now engaged in catching his breed- 
ing trout for the hatchery, and we. helped him for a while, 
to the extent of leaving thirty handsome trout in his live 
boxes. My compan on, Mr. L. Frank Baum, well known 
in this vicinity as the librettist of "The Wonderful Wizard 
of Oz," Avas a novice on a trout stream, but turned out as 
handy with the rod as with a lyric. He took nineteen 
beautiful trout, the first he ever caught in his life, and 
wetit well nigh crazy over the beauty of the fish.. "It'll 
cost h m about $506," said William Wood, sententiously. 
He was right. Less than an hour later Mr. Baum began 
to ask William quest ons about the proper outfit, rods, 
flies, leaders, etc. If he gets off with an expenditure of 
$500 he is beating the record of most of us. It gives me 
much pleasure to mislead a fellow citizen in this way and 
lo make an angler out of him. 
Most of these large trout for the hatchery are taken 
< .n bait. Will am using pieces of sucker or chub for that 
purpose. We took some smaller trout on the fly, but 
finding them hardly large enough for use in the hatchery, 
discontinued the use of the fly, although even at this time 
of the year one could have sport with the fly did he care to 
do so. It would be legal also upon this hatchery stream, 
did one care to avail himself of the legal privileges. Will- 
iam says he will go on gathering his big trout until he 
has 100 or more in the pens. He plants about 100,000 
fry every year, although he put in only about 70,000 last 
year. 
William tells me that the mink are great enemies of his 
breeding trout, and he once lost several dozen to one 
mink, which killed them and laid them out in a row "as 
though he intended to count them," as William expressed 
it. He saw a good deal of m nk sign along the stream, 
and once caught one dark rascal cut on the grass a little 
way from the stream. William, who is an excellent shot 
with a revolver, opened fire upon his minksship, and at 
the second shot turned him over, although unfortunately 
the mink was able to get down a hole, where no doubt 
he soon terminated his poaching career. That same 
night, as William was com ng home in the dark, he heard 
something running through the brush close to him, and, 
guessing at once what it was, opened fire with his trusty 
gun. His second shot hit the animal, which at once took 
to a tree. William w^ent into the"" house got a lantern and 
a shotgun, and presently tumbled a b g fat coon out of its 
perch in the tree. What with cocns, mink and muskrats 
he getb just a little taste of variety in his work of watch- 
ing the prettiest trout stream in Wisconsin. It is the boast 
of Mr. McLeod, Mr. Miller's friend on the stream, that 
there is no day of the year when one cannot take trout 
on the fly, and I presume poss bly this might be true if 
one cared to put it to the test. Our trout we found well 
advanced toward the spawning season, very brilliantly 
colored indeed with flaming orange, red and silver, but 
it will be a month or so before the spawning begins on 
that stream. It was always William Wood's great ambi- 
tion to have Mr. A. N. Cheney come up and see h s little 
hatchery, and the death of the latter lamented gentleman 
was felt very deeply by William, although the two had 
never met. e. Hough. 
Habtford Building, Chicago, 111. 
A singular story comes from St. Malo. A vessel 
bound thither from' Jersey with coal, came up on the 
way with a handsome yacht in full sail, but apparently 
deserted. The captain threw a rope on board, and 
tugged the yacht along with his vessel. Presently' one 
head after another to the number of four peeped out of 
the yacht's cabin. On reaching port the captain sent 
for the gendarmes, who took a boat and boarded the 
yacht. 'Two of its four occupants had disappeared, but 
the remaining two proved to be French naval deserters 
from Brest, who had escaped to Jersey, and there seized 
on the yacht Louisa, gone out to sea, and fallen asleep. 
The two m.en will be sent to Brest to undergo a court 
martial, and yacht wjll, of courge, t>e claimed by its 
pwner, 
The Carp as a She p Doctor. 
The Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
contains an interesting note on the mission of the carp as 
an eradicator of the fluke disease. He writes: 
There have been a number of suggest ons made in re- 
gard to methods of prevention of liver-fluke disease (dis- 
tomatosis), and some of them, especially the free use of 
salt, appear to be valuable. Mr. 'William Ashmead. of 
the United States National Museum upon returning from 
the Hawaiian Islands, told of a method which had been- 
tried there with good results, ijamely, the introduction of 
frogs and toads nto infected districts to devour the snails, 
which act as intermediate hosts. This method is entirely 
ne w to me, and appears to be a good one. 
Dr. Ernest N. Hutchinson, an inspector of this Bureau, 
stationed at Portland. Ore., has recently called my atten- 
tion to a decrease in liver-fluke disease following the in- 
troduction of carp into an nfected district. These in- 
teresting notes by Dr. Hutchinson are worthy of serious 
attention, and, as Dr. Evermann, ichthyologist of the 
United States Fish Commission, has recently expressed 
it, they "justify us in .scoring one more for that much 
maligned btit exceedingly useful fish." Dr. Hutch. nson 
writes : 
I desire to acquaint you with some peculiar points concerning 
Fasciola hepatica which prevail in the minds of stock-raisers 
pasturing on the Columbia River bottom, and to which you may 
•be able to attach some practical significance. 
Prof. C. 'V. Piper, of the Washfngton Agricultural College, in 
conversation with me, mentioned the theory which I find is, as 
he said, extant in the minds of many farmers along this river, 
namely, that "leeches" (Wver flukes), which were formerly numer- 
ous in the livers of cattle and sheep, have to a considerable extent 
disappeared since the introduction of carp into the waters of this 
river. 
While of course the farmers' idea is that the carp now consume 
the leech, which, according to their view, the cattle formerly 
swallowed with the water while drinking, it is possible that there 
may be a practical connection between certain peculiar habits of 
this fish and the noticeable freedom fronj fascioliasis among the 
cattle and sheep ranged on the bottoms Ewdjoining streams in which 
these fish are found, compared with animals coming from other 
sections where carp are unkiiown. About 75 per cent, of the cat- 
tle and sheep coming from the western slope of Uie Cascades, ex- 
clusive of-this Columbia River bottom, are infested vvith Fasciola 
hepatica; but from this particular portion only about 5 per cent, 
are so infested. 
All the bottom lands of this river are subject to annual over- 
flow, and at this time the carp clean the meadows as tuurougiily 
as a fire. Every spear of grass, up to the very water's edge will 
be eaten by them. They also have a habit of rooting all around 
the edge of this overflow as it gradually recedes. 
It has occurred to me, therefore, as possitle that they destroy 
the final cystic stage of this parasite with the grass, and perhaps 
in their rooting they may also destroy some of the snails.— Letter 
dated Dec. 2, 1901. 
_ Replying to your letter No. 4092, of the 16th ultimo, I have to 
mform you that inquiries iddressed to certain small butchering 
establishments whose main source of supply would be lands 
adjoining carp-bearing streams, t'o ascertain the frequency with 
which they encounter the liver fluke, has failed to secure a single 
reply. 
The carp were introduced into the waters of the Willamette 
River at Port and, Ore., about eieht years ago. They have multi- 
plied very rapid y. and are quite numerous in the lakes and 
sloughs adjoining the lower Willamette and Columbia rivers. 
They have not, however, gone upward in these streams more than 
a few miles, seeming to prefer sluggish waters and stagnant 
sloughs. 
Mr. A. E. Gebhart. secretary of the Oregon Fish Commission, 
111 descnbmg their feeding habits, likens them to the hog. saying 
they will eat anything that is eatable in the way of vegetation 
along the edges of sloughs and on the meadows at the time of 
overflow. They also root about in search of roots and such ani- 
mal life as may be within their reach. He also says they will 
eat clams, as he has tried them as bait. 
I am able to say that fascioliasis is much less common in animals 
from the lower Columbia and Willamette slough lands than from 
any other swampy districts of Oregon or Washington.— Letter 
dated Jan. 4, 1902. 
Referring to correspondence No. 4092, I have to report to you 
that while at Ridgefield, Wash., on the 17th instant, I was able 
to confirm somewhat the theory that the carp in the waters of 
streams, reduce the dangers of fascioliasis in sheep. Mr. J. B. 
Campbell, for whom I inspected sheep for passage into Oregon, 
states positively that since the introduction of carp the flukes 
have entirely disappeared, and are no longer found in sheep 
pasturing on the bottoms, but that they are to be found as com- 
monly as ever in sheep which feed upon the moist uplands 
As Mr. Campbell informed me that he had lost 30 sheep from 
some mysterious disease, and that other sheep owners in his vicin- 
ity had also lost many, I endeavored to find a cause for this mor- 
tality. 1 made post-mortem examinations of three sheep from 
as many different bands, each individual showing a marked de- 
gree of cachexia aquosa, with no acute inflammation of anv organ 
The musculature was pale, flabby and watery. The retroperitoneal 
connective tissue was saturated with a senii-ge'atinous clear trans- 
parent material. A considerable collection of this semi-fluid 
substance^ followed the attachment of the mesentery and the in- 
testine. 'Ihe blood was palish, and while of a quite clear red 
when discharged from the vessels, it did not make a marked stain 
upon the white clothing with which it came in contact. Great 
numbers of the Strongylus filaria were present in the lungs and 
much of the lung tissue was collapsed and in a state of carnifica- 
tion, particularly the ventral border and caudal third of the prin- 
cipal lobes. Strongylus contortus was also very numerous in 
the fourth stomach, the submucosa of which was the site of the 
same clear, semi-gelatinous infiltration. 
These animals had pastured continually upon the low bottom 
lands, and were entirely free from Fasciola hepatica.— Letter dated 
Feb. 20, 1902. 
In corresponding with the United States Fish Cominis- 
sicn on the subject, the following letter has been received 
from Dr. Evermann: 
Your letter regarding the carp is very interesting, and it justifies 
us in scoring one more for that much maligned but exceedin°-!v 
useful fish. ° 
I do not know of any observations which have been made 
specia'ly for the purpose of determining whether the carp feeds 
upon Limnse [swamp snails which serve as intermediate host of 
Fasciola hepatica], but there is no doubt in my own mind but 
that It does- so. Cai'p will feed freely upon all sorts of small 
mollusks and crustaceans which it finds in the water, and when 
carp are ab'e to go out in overflow ponds they will certainly clean 
up everything edible in the way of animal and plant material I 
would be very g!ad to know more of this matter. Can you give 
me the localities to which you refer, and any more details '--Letter 
dated Dec. 11, 1901. 
The action of the carp in this case appears to be very" 
strongly supported by the facts stated, and it seems that 
the introduction of carp into, fluke d stricts generally would 
result in a great decrease of liver-fluke disease. 
Lafces Pcfpetwally Ice-Coveted* 
Two lakes covered with ice all the year round have 
been discovered in Baker County, Ore., according to 
the Portland Qregonian. C M. Sage, with a party =of 
friends, went on a hunting and pleasure trip to the' al- 
most inaccessible mountain peaks back of the town of 
Cornucopia,, in the Pan-Handle district. The mountains 
are high and rugged, and before': passing the timber line 
the explorer must find his way through a primeval for- 
est. A pack- horse is the only means' of getting into 
this district, except to trudge a"lo'ng\bn' foot, which, tQ 
