1 88 
About half of all the Hungarian forests are under working 
plans, by which the cut is regulated so as to provide for a 
sustained yield, and the present annual cut of 1,000,000,000 
cubic feet is believed to be considerably less than the wood 
actually produced. The State forests yield $600,000 net an- 
nual revenue. 
The management of all corporation and protection forests 
has been supervised by the Government since 1879, an( l a ^ 
so-called "absolute forest land," in other words, land unfit for 
farming, must be reforested within six years after it is cleared. 
Three-fourths of all the forest land of Hungary, including 
private as well as public forests, falls under the classification 
of absolute forest land. Moreover, all mountain forests are 
required to be managed under State working plans. Two- 
thirds of all the Hungarian forests are brought under this sort 
of State supervision. Forest planting is encouraged by State 
nurseries, at which 10,000,000 seedlings are raised every year 
for free distribution, and by bounties paid for forest plantation 
established on private waste lands. 
Hungary has some 600 square miles of shifting sands and 
waste lands, like those of the Landes of France. The work of 
reclaiming these was planned by the law of T/88. Actual 
planting was begun in 1817. By 1869, 20,000 acres had been 
forested, and parts of the plantations were beginning to yield 
a profit. The work of reforesting is constantly going on. 
NORWAY, SWEDEN AXD DENMARK. 
NORWAY. 
Only 21 per cent., or 20,000.000 acres, of Norway is in forest. 
The State owns less than 2,000,000 acres of ibis. Of the 
forest region one-half has to import timber, one-fourth has 
sufficient for its needs, and one-fourth is able to export over 
1.000,000 tons, valued at $18,000,000 a year. Nearly two-thirds 
of the exports gfo to England and most of the rest is divided 
up between Belgium, Australia. France, Holland, Germany, 
and Denmark. The total annual cut, one-fifth of which is 
exported, is about 500,000,000 cubic feet. It exceeds bv 1,500.- 
000 cubic feet the amount of wood grown by all the forest in 
the same time. Tn other words, the cut is far too heavy to 
last, so that a reduction of wood exports is inevitable. 
Forestry is on a low level. The various provisions for the 
better use and protection of the forests, which began three 
hundred years ago, have been of too half-hearted a nature to 
meet the situation. There is a forest service, but the officers 
are few and underpaid, and the districts under their care- 
sometimes several million acres to each — are far too laree for 
effective work. Moreover, there are difficulties over the forest 
