THE JHAWAIIAN 
FORESTER I AGRICULTURIST 
Vol. V SEPTEMBER, 1908 No. 9 
THE RELATION OF TRADE TO THE TRANSMISSION 
OF DISEASE IN THE PACIFIC ARENA. 
By L. E. Cofer, 
Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health and Marine Hos- 
pital Service, Chief Quarantine Officer, Hawaiian Islands. 
[Prepared for the Annual Report of the Governor of Hawaii 
for 1906.] 
The Pacific Arena comprises the Pacific Ocean and its conti- 
nental and insular boundaries. These boundaries are Siberia 
and Alaska to the North, New Zealand to the South, Xorth and 
South America to the East, and Asia and Australia to the West. 
The Pacific Arena, in a commercial sense, comprises every 
continental port bordering upon or tributary to the Pacific Ocean, 
including the ports of Polynesia and Micronesia. 
The Pacific Arena in a maritime quarantine sense only includes 
the principal sea ports which bound the Pacific Ocean, or the 
insular ports .which lie within its confines. 
The Quarantine Arena of the Pacific specifically described 
comprises the Pacific Ocean, with the port of Honolulu oc- 
cupy ino- practically a central position therein and the following- 
ports forming its far distant boundaries, namely : Victoria, Van- 
couver, Port Townsend, Portland, San Francisco, Port Los 
Angeles, San Diego, Mazatlan, Acapulco, Salina Cruz, Panama. 
Guayaquil, Callao, Iquique, Antofagosta, Valparaiso, Welling- 
ton, Auckland, Sydney, Brisbane, Singapore, Manila, Hongkong, 
Shanghai, Nagasaki, Kobe and Yokohama. 
Commercially speaking, the ports mentioned are either centers 
of export or import or else are simply ports of call. 
Hygienically speaking, they are or may at any time become 
either disease centers of export or import or both. 
They are important from a quarantine standpoint both on ac- 
count of the steady increase of intercourse between these ports 
