i 9 9 
sugar, -ores and cacao. Through the Australasian ports are 
shipped wool, coal, food supplies and raw materials. The Philip- 
pine Islands export hemp, copra, sugar and tobacco. 
Through the Japanese ports are shipped raw silk, straw mat- 
tings, rugs, tea, notions, rattan, cane, bamboo and coal. 
From the Chinese ports come raw and manufactured silk, tea, 
hemp, opium, hides, bristles, wool, wax and curios. 
The Pacific Islands, particularly those of the Hawaiian group, 
export sugar almost exclusively. The Philippine Islands have 
not sufficient trade at present to make it profitable for many ves- 
sels out-bound for Hongkong, Shanghai and Japanese ports to 
make a detour to Manila. 
Moreover, there are at present no wharf accommodations for 
large vessels in Manila and nearly all the traffic must be handled 
by lighters. Without doubt all of these obstacles to great com- 
merce will be removed in the future and with the development of 
wharves and the abolishment of lighters, [Manila will become a 
very vulnerable disease center. After the Panama Canal is opened 
it is predicted that the Puget Sound ports will become important 
centers for the distribution of Japanese and Chinese goods. The 
reason of this lies in the fact that the great circle route between 
the American isthmus and the Orient runs close to the coast of 
the United States and with the exception of those vessels that 
desire to call at the Hawaiian Islands, this route will be the one 
naturally taken by vessels to and from the Orient. This great 
circle route will also have the advantage of enabling steamers to 
coal on the west coast of the United States or at Vancouver. In 
addition to being near an ocean highway, along which a large 
quantity of imports will travel, the Puget Sound ports will be able 
to supply steamers with coal. Thus will communication between 
the yellow fever ports on one side and the plague and cholera 
ports on the other be probably modified by passage through the 
Puget Sound quarantine stations, just as the danger of the present 
Trans-Pacific traffic is modified by the quarantine work at Hono- 
lulu. • 
Another disease route to which tlie opening of the Panama 
Canal will give rise will be that between Chili and the Southern 
States of America. The South will buy nitrate of soda from 
Chili and with their great stores of phosphate rock sell a manu- 
factured fertilizer to all of the countries in the Pacific Arena. 
This trade will form one of the connections, through the Panama 
Canal, between the yellow fever and malaria zones of the South- 
ern part of the United States and the plague ports of South 
America, Australasia and the Orient. Again the Gulf ports will 
export cotton, cotton goods, lumber, and manufactured iron and 
steel in exchange for the tea, silk, mattings, curios and other 
manufactured articles of the Orient. The result of this inter- 
course may be the exchange of malaria and yellow fever on the 
part of the Gulf ports for the plague and cholera of the Orient. 
