464 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT. 
List of specimens. 
Catal. 
No. 
Sex. 
Locality. 
When col- 
lected. 
Whence obtained, j Orig. 
No. 
Collected by— 
Length. 
Stretch 
of wings 
Wing. 
Remarks. 
1434 
1388 
765 
310 
7544 
5893 
7391 
4790 
4791 
4788 
4787 
4785 
4782 
4783 
4789 
4784 
4780 
4790 
540-2 
5101 
3 
8 
3 
3 
3 
May 3, 1844 
April 24, 1844 
S. P. Baird 
7.00 
6.25 
6.42 
6.80 
6.67 
9.42 
9.50 
9.42 
9.17 
3.08 
2.92 
3.00 
April 26, 1841 
do 
Nov. 15, 1842 
2.67 
Cleveland Ohio 
3 
3 
d 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
Hi" Nemaha R. Neh.. 
April 23, 1856 
do 
Lt. G. K. Warren .... 
Dr. Hayden 
6.75 
6.75 
6.50 
6.50 
6.00 
7.37 
6.50 
7.00 
7.62 
7.37 
7.50 
6.50 
9.62 
9.50 
9.50 
10.00 
9.75 
7.50 
9.50 
9.62 
9.50 
9.50 
8.25 
2.87 
3.12 
3.25 
3.25 
3.25 
3.00 
3.00 
2.87 
3.00 

Wood's Bluff, Neb... . 
Bliek Bird Hill, Neh.. 
do 
May 1, 1856 
May 2, 1856 
do 
May 2,1856 
May 3, 1856 
May 8, 1850 
Big Sioux river, Neb.. 
Vermilion river, Neb.. 
do 
do 
. ...do 
Vermilion river, Neb.. 
Big Sioux river, Neb.. 
3.00 
3.00 
9 
White Earth river 
2.75 
JUNCO, Wagler. 
Junco, Wagler, Isis, 1831. Type Fringilla cinerea, Sw. 
Niphoea, Audubon, Syn. 1839. Type Emberiza hyemalis, Gm. 
Bill small, conical ; culmen curved at the tip ; the lower jaw quite as high as the upper. Tarsus longer than the middle toe ; 
outer toe longer than the inner, barely reaching to the base of the middle claw ; hind toe reaching as far as the middle of the 
latter : extended toes reaching about to the middle of the tail. Wings rather short ; reaching over the basal fourth of the 
exposed surface of the tail ; primaries, however, considerably longer than the nearly equal secondaries and tertials. The 
second quill longest, the third to fifth successively but little shorter ; first longer than sixth, much exceeding secondaries. Tail 
moderate, a little shorter than the wings; slightly emarginate and rounded. Feathers rather narrow; oval at the end. No 
streaks on the head or body ; color above uniform on the head, back, or rump, separately or on all together. Belly white ; 
outer tail feathers white. 
The essential characters of this genus are the middle toe rather shorter than the short tarsus ; 
the lateral toes slightly unequal, the outer reaching the base of the middle claw ; the tail a 
little shorter than the wings, slightly emarginate. In Junco cinereus the claws are longer; the 
lower mandible a little lower than the upper. The species have the upper parts ashy or 
plumbeous, the belly and lateral tail feathers white. 
SYNOPSIS. 
A. — Interscapular region, greater iving coverts, and tertials reddish. 
Head and neck all round black, the color not extending along the sides J. oregonus. 
Head light plumbeous above. Lores abruptly black. Beneath very pale ashy, much 
lighter than the head. Whitish on the belly J. cinereus. 
B. — Interscapular region alone reddish. 
Above light plumbeous ; beneath nearly white tinged with ash. Lores abruptly 
black J- dorsalis. 
