512 
U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT. 
XL, 1855, 356,) with Pyrgisoma Jcieneri, of Conspectus, 186, as type (Pyrgisoma is based upon 
Arremon biarcuatus, of Lafresnaye, figured in Voyage de la Venus, tab. vi, and erroneously 
assigned to California.) The other species given as belonging to the genus are Pipilo riifipileus, 
(chlorurus) torquatus, rufescens, fuscus, and aherti. It is probable that the P. chlorurus would 
be our North American type of Kieneria. I am not prepared to suggest a name for section B. 
G-ray gives Melozone (not Meloxene) of Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. pi. lxxix, 1850, as ante- 
dating Pyrgisoma of Pucheran, 1851. The name, however, is given in Conspectus Avium, 20 
July, 1850, although according to the title page, pi. 79 of Eeichenbach was published June 
1, 1850. 
Comparative measurements of species. 
5559 
3710 
6830 
6245 
1896 
iilo erythrophtlialmii 
Pipilo oregonus . . 
Pipilo megalonyx 
Pipilo me.-olciicus 
Pipilo chlorurus . 
do 
Fort Union 
Republican Fork. 
Bon Homme i 
Colorado river.. 
California 
Fort Tejon 
Fort Thorn 
Petaluma, Cal... 
Monterey 
Los Nogales, Me 
T. Jon valley, Ca 
Rocky mountains 
Specimen 
measured. 
Freth . 
Skin... 
Fresh . 
Skin. ., 
Skin.., 
Fresh . 
Skin. ., 
Fresh , 
Skin.., 
Skin.., 
Skin.., 
Skin.. 
Skin. .. 
Skin. ., 
Skin... 
Skin.., 
Skin. .. 
PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Vieillot. 
Ground Robin ; Townee ; Chewink. 
Fringilla erythrophthalma, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 318.— Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 151 : V, 511 ; pi. 29. 
Embrriza erythrophthalma, Gm. Syst. Wat. I, 1788, 874.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 90 ; pi. liii. 
Pipillo crijthrophthalmvs, Vieill. Gal. Ois. I, 1824, 109 ; pi. lxxx. 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Bon. List, 1838 — In. Conspectus, 1850, 487.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 124.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 
1841, 167 ; pi. 195. 
Pipilo ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 292. 
Towhee Bird, Catesby, Car. I, 34. -Towhee Banting, Latham, Syn II, i, 1783, 199.— Pennant, II, 1785, 359. 
g P . C H . — Upper parts generally, head and neck all round, and upper part of the breast, glossy black, abruptly defined against 
the pure white which extends to the anus, but is bounded on the sides and under the wings by light chestnut. Under coverts 
similar to sides, but paler. Edges of outer six primaries with white at the base and on the middle of the outer web ; inner 
two tertiaries also edged externally with white. Tail feathers black ; outer web of the first, with the ends of the first to the 
third white, decreasing from the exterior one. Iris red. Length, 8.75 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 4.10. 
Female with the black replaced by brown. 
Hob. — Eastern United States to the Missouri river. 
Iii this species the cutting edge of the mandible is slightly concave, and not siuuated. The 
wing is short and rounded ; the fourth quill longest ; the first about equal to the secondaries. 
