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U. S P. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT. 
anus. There is a strong shade of gray on the feathers of the sides of the body and the rump. 
The exposed surface of the closed wing and tail exhihits transverse hars going entirely across 
the web of the feathers ; most distinct on the upper tail coverts. The bars on the tail are 
mainly confined to the two median feathers, but may be seen on the tips of the others. The 
outer edge of the first primary is broadly white ; a less pure shade of the same on the others. 
The white superciliary stripe on the side of the head and nape is very distinct, and changes 
anteriorly to red. The lower eyelid and a small maxillary spot are white. 
A single specimen of this species (4230) was obtained in San Francisco by Mr. R. D. Cutts 
of the Coast Survey, from a collector, who asserted positively that it had been shot by him in 
San Francisco county. It is mentioned in the " Voyage de la Venus" (Zoologie, I, 1855, 203) 
as having been shot at Monterey by Dr. Neboux, surgeon of the expedition. There is still 
some uncertainty, however, as to whether it be really entitled to a place in the fauna of the 
United States, as Mr. Cutts may have been deceived by his informant, and the indications of 
the Zoologists of the Venus as to the existence of other species of Vertebrata in California are 
certainly erroneous, owing doubtless to accidental transposition of labels. 
The specimen sent in by Mr. Cutts agrees perfectly with those collected in Chile by Lieutenant 
Gillis, and which are considered by some to be the true Sturnus loyca of Molina. Cabanis considers 
the S. militaris of Linnaeus to be the S. dejillippii of Bonaparte, a species found in Brazil, 
Paraguay, Montevideo, &c, similar in other respects, but with the under wing coverts blackish, 
not white. Another species from Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, (?) (1794,) has the bill much 
shorter and higher at the base, (nearly half as high as long, and more like that of an oriole.) 
The red of the breast does not pass on to the belly at all, nor that of the chin on the side of the 
jaw. The while on the inside of the wing is purer. There is no median stripe on the crown. 
There are no transverse bars on the tail and its upper coverts, except faint indications on the 
edges and tips. The tibia are pure white instead of brown, and the black of the under parts is 
clearer. This is described by Cabanis as Pezites brevirostris, and referred by him in part to the 
Trupialis loyca of Bp. Conspectus, 429. Cabanis also considers the true S. militaris of Linnaeus 
to be the one with the black under wing coverts. It is difficult to say whether Cabanis or 
Bonaparte be correct in their determinations, but there is no question that the subject of the 
present article is found as far north on the east coast of South America as the Bio Negro, 
whence specimens were brought by the United States Exploring Expedition. There is no 
evidence that the black-winged species occurs as far south as the Falkland Islands or the 
Magellan region, from which it appears that the specimens of Linnaeus and of Buffonwere obtained. 
The short-billed species is also found in Chile, as shown by the collections of the United States 
Exploring Expedition. The bird described by Gay as Chilian, under the name of Leistes 
americanus (on the plate as Sturnus militaris) is said to have black under wing coverts, and 
thus referable to S. dejillippii of Bonaparte. As, therefore, all three species appear to be found 
in Chile, it is impossible to say what is the true S. loyca of Molina, and it may be best to follow 
Bonaparte in his identification. 
List of specimens. 
Catal. No. 
Sex. 
Locality. 
When collected. 
Whence obtained. 
4230 
8627 
8628 
San Francisco, Cal 
1853-'54 
s 
Q 
Chile 
