622 
U. S. P. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS— —ZOOLOGY — GENEBAL EEPOET. 
TETRAO CANADENSIS, Linn. 
Spruce Partridge ; Canada Grouse. 
Telrao canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 274 — Forster, Phil. Trans. LX1I, 1772, 389 — Gmelin, I, 1788, 749.— 
Sabine, Zool. App. Franklin's Exped. 683.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, 127.— Ib. Amer. Orn. Ill, 1830 ; 
pi. xxi, f. 2, Q.— Ib. Am. Phil. Trans. Ill, N. S. 1830, 391.— Rich. F. Bor. Amer. II, 1831, 
346; pi. Ixii, female.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1S32, 667.— Aiid. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 437 : V, 1839, 
563; pi. 176— Ib. Syn. 203.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 83 ; pi. 294 
Canace canadensis, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. 1851, p. xxix. Type. — Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XLV, 1857, 428. 
Tetrao canace, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 275. 
Black Spoiled Heathcock, Edwards, Glean, pi. cxviii. 
Spotted Grouse, Pennant. 
Sp. Ch. — Tail of sixteen feathers. Feathers above distinctly banded with plumbeous ; beneath uniform black, with a pectoral 
band of white, and white on the sides of the belly. Chin and throat above, black. Tail with a broad brownish orange terminal 
band. Length, 16.20 ; wing, 6.70 ; tail, 5.44. 
Hab. — Spruce forests and swamps of the northern United States to the Arctic seas ; west nearly to Rocky mountains. 
Bill rather slender. Eyebrows with the nsnal papillae. Tarsi densely feathered, the poste- 
rior edge bare ; the feathers extending along the sides of the toes for half the basal joint. 
Pectination on the sides of the toes very conspicuous. Tail as long as the wing from elbow to 
ends of secondaries ; nearly even ; the lateral feathers slightly graduated, (three quarters of an 
inch less than the longest ;) the feathers truncate, rounded laterally, and sixteen in number. 
Middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus ; lateral equal, the claws not reaching the base of 
middle toe ; the claws long and sharp. 
Prevailing color in the male black ; each feather of the head, neck, and upper parts generally, 
having its surface waved with plumbeous gray. This is in the form of two or three well- 
defined concentric bars parallel to each other, one along the exterior edge of the feather, the 
others behind it. The sides of the body, the scapulars, and outer surface of the wings are 
mottled like the back, but more irregularly, and with a browner shade of gray, the feathers 
with a central white streak expanding towards the tip, (on the wing these streaks seen only on 
some of the greater coverts.) There is no white above except as described. The under parts 
are mostly uniform black, the feathers of the sides of the belly and breast broadly tipped with 
white, which sometimes forms a pectoral band. There is a white bar across the feathers at the 
base of the upper mandible, usually interrupted above ; a white spot on the lower eyelid, and 
a white line beginning on the cheeks and running into a series of white spots in the feathers of 
the throat, the lower feathers of this are banded terminally with whitish. The feathers at the 
base of the bill, and the head below the eyes and beneath, are pure black. The quills are dark 
brown, without any spots or bands, the outer edges only mottled with grayish. The tail feathers 
are similar, but darker, and the tail is tipped with a band of orange chestnut, nearly half an 
Inch wide, obscured on the central feathers. The under tail coverts are black, broadly barred 
and tipped with white ; the feathers of the legs mottled brown and whitish ; dirty white behind 
the tarsi. The bill is black. 
The female is smaller but somewhat similar, the black bars above broader, the inner gray 
bars of each feather, including the tail, replaced by broader ones of brownish orange. The 
under parts have the feathers black, barred with the brownish orange, which, on the tips of the 
belly feathers, is pure white. The clear continuous black of the head and breast are wanting. 
The scapulars, greater coverts, and sides, are streaked as in the male. 
