654 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT. 
Comparative measurements of species. 
Catal . 
No. 
Species. 
Locality. 
<3 
to 
Length. 
Stretch of 
wings. 
1 
Tail. 
0.86 
g 
& 
6.00 
Height of bill 
at base. 
Along gape. 
Specimen 
measured. 
10384 
5786 
0493 
10379 
8914 
949-2 
9483 
9483 
4623 
10378 
Grus am ericanus . • • . 
52.00 
24.00 
9.18 
11.80 
1.30 
1.20 
5.60 
6.00 
5.40 
6.02 
5.70 
5.48 
Mounted. 
Head.... 
Skin ... 
Fresh . . . 
Skin .... 
...do 
Head.... 
...do 
Mounted. 
...do 
...do 
Skin .... 
...do 
...do 
Mounted. 
O 
3 
22.80 
8.78 
10.01 
4.16 
0.80 
4.82 
46.00 
82.00 
Mimbres to RioGrande 
22 20 
22.50 
8.80 
9.00 
9 90 
9.25 
4.10 
4.26 
0.82 
4.22 
4.52 
1.20 
1.24 
1.26 
1.18 
1.10 
1.06 
1.06 
1.12 
1.03 
0.74 
1.34 
5.62 
5.80 
5.74 
fi.00 
4.92 
5.10 
4.36 
4.70 
3.04 
5.80 
5.98 
5.76 
6.06 
5.74 
5.10 
5.50 
5.20 
4.72 
4.90 
3.10 
6.10 
o 
20 50 
20 50 
22.00 
21.50 
20.00 
17.50 
21.00 
8.54 
8 50 
9.46 
8.10 
6.80 
9.50 
9.70 
10.00 
9.50 
9.10 
7.50 
10.00 
3.80 
4.00 
4.00 
3 96 
3.80 
3.36 
0.80 
0.80 
0.84 
0.70 
0.70 
0.50 
0.66 
4.31 
4.34 
4.16 
51.00 
do 
o 
o 
Colorado river, Cal. . . 
Albuquerque, N. M. . 
Australia 
3.82 
2.70 
5.48 
Grus australasianus.. 
50.00 
GRUS AMEEICANUS, 0 r d . 
White Crane ; Whooping Crane. 
Ardea americana, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 234, No. 5.— Gmelin, I, 621.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382, 
No 37. (York Fort.)— Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 20 ; pi. lxiv. 
Grus americana, Ord's ed. Wils. VIII, 1825.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 195.— Ib. Conspectus, II, 1855, 99.— 
Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 372.-Nlttt. Man. II, 1834, 34.— Aud. Orn. Bio;. Ill, 1835, 
202 ; pi. 226— Ib. Syn. 219.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1812, 188 ; pi. 313. 
Grits clamalor, Bartram, Travels in E. Florida, 1791. 
Grus struthio, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Grus, No 6. 
Grushoyanus, Dudley, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, April, 1854, 64. Wisconsin.— Hartlaub, Cab. Journ. Ill, 1855, 
33G ; considers it the young of Grus americanus. 
Gruc blanche, Buffon, Ois. VIII. 158. 
" Grue d' amerique, PI. enl. 889." 
Whooping crane, Penn. Arc. Zool. II, 442, 339.— Cat. Car.— Latham. 
Sp. Ch. — Bill deep, compressed. Lower mandible as deep along the gonys as the upper opposite to it. Gonysonvex, 
ascending, not in the same straight line with the lower outline of bill. Commissure straight to very near the tip, where it is a 
little decurved and crenated. Color pure whits ; primary and spurious quills, with their shafts, black. Space in front of the eyes, 
and extending backward between them to a point on the occiput, and below them (involving the whole cheeks) to a point behind 
the ears, blackish ; this space having the feathers reduced to stiff hairy black shafts, but concealing the warty and granulated 
skin. Feathers on middle of nap? above plumbeous dusky. Length, 52 inches ; wing, 24 ; tarsus, 12 ; commissure, 6.02. 
Hah. — Florida and Texas. Stragglers in the Mississippi valley. 
The central line of the head above in 10384 exhibits a series of rather large excrescences, 
which may, however, be abnormal. 
Immature specimens have the entire head covered with perfect feathers to the bill ; the 
feathers with black shafts on the regions which in adults are covered only with black hairs. 
Color of head and neck pale grayish chestnut. 
The differences of form between the Grus americanus and canadensis are sufficiently marked 
to leave no doubt as to their specific distinctness, independently of the entire diversity of color. 
The former is a much larger bird ; the bill much stouter and higher, with a more convex and 
