BIRDS SCOLOPACiDAE — TOTANINAE. 727 
List of specimens. 
Catalogue namber. 
Locality. 
Whence obtained. 
Remarks. 
8076 
Arctic circle 
Red Fork of the Arkansas.. 
Mr. John Gould 
Supposed type of Trmga douglasii in F. B. A 
55 
S. F. Baud 
Sub-Family TOTANINAE. 
Ch. — Bill as long as the head, or longer ; the basal portion covered with soft skin ; the terminal portion (generally at least 
half) horny, and more or less attenuated and pointed in Totaneae The lateral grooves of bill extending to the horny 
terminal portion. The gape of mouth extending behind the bate of culmen. Tees generally connected by a basal membrane. 
The tail always with distinct transverse bars in North American species, except in Heteroscelus. 
This sub-family appears to differ from most Scolopacinae in the less degree of sensitiveness 
in the tip of the bill, which is more horny, and not covered by soft skin well supplied with 
nerves. The toes are almost always connected at the base by a membrane, this being the rule 
and not the exception, as in Scolopacinae. 
The following may be taken as an approximate indication of the divisions of this sub-family : 
A. Tarsi covered anteriorly and posteriorly by transverse scutellae, except in Heteroscelus ; 
finely reticulated laterally. Bill nearly straight, or bent a little upwards, 
Totaneae. — Bill nearly straight, about as long as the tarsus, attenuated. Bill not 
grooved for the terminal fourth. Gape of mouth extending beyond base of culmen. 
Limoseae. — Bill longer than the tarsus, curving slightly upwards towards the end, 
where it is thickened. Both mandibles grooved for nearly their whole length. Gape 
of mouth very short, not extending beyond the base of culmen. 
B. Tarsi covered anteriorly only by transverse scutellae, reticulated laterally and behind. 
Bill curving considerably downwards from near the middle. 
Numenieae. — Lateral grooves not extending beyond the middle. Bill thickened at the 
tip ; longer than the tarsus. 
The Limoseae and Numenieae, in many respects, the former especially, approach the 
Scolopacinae, and it would not be surprising if one or both were more properly placed in this 
sub-family, in more immediate connexion with Macrorliamplms. 
Section TOTANEAE. 
Ch. — Bill slender, straight, not exceeding the tarsus ; more or less attenuated for the terminal fourth, and pointed at the tip. 
Bill hard and horny for much of the terminal half; the lateral grooves shallow. Toes anteriorly connected by membrane. 
Tail strongly barred, except in Heteroscelus, which also has the tarsus reticulated behind. 
The Totaneae are distinguished from Numenieae by the transverse scutellae on the back of 
tarsus ; from the Limoseae, by the shorter and more deeply cleft bill. From Tringeae they may 
be known by the fact that the toes are almost always webbed at the base, although the web is 
usually confined to the outer toe, while in the rare instances where there is a web in Tringeae 
(Ereunetes and Micropalama) it extends to the inner also. The bill is much harder and stronger, 
more tapering and pointed, usually a little recurved, and without the papillose or pitted 
