BIRDS — PIT ALACROCORACIDAE — GRACULUS VIOLACEUS. 
881 
No. 9892 is larger, the wing measuring 12 inches ; the bill, 3 ; the tail, 5.50. 
Young. Head, neck, back, and wings blackish brown, the feathers of the back and wings 
with greyish brown margins ; under plumage dull rusty brown, the middle of the abdomen 
greyish ; gorgelet fawn color as in the adult. This is the plumage of one of the original 
specimens of Mr. Audubon's " toivnsendi," (now in the cabinet of Professor Baird.) The fawn 
colored gorgelet which extends in a point on the lower part of the gular sac, together with the 
form and character of the bill, agreeing with the specimens of the adult under examination, in 
my opinion, are satisfactory evidence of its being this species. 
The true position of " toivnsendi' " heretofore has been one of much uncertainty. Gray, in 
Gen. of Birds, places it under u dilophus" as the young, as does also Gambel in Jour. Phil. 
Acad. Bonaparte, in Cons. Avium, puts it with a question, as a synonym of ct Gr. brasilianus, 
6m.," but in Comptes Kendus has it under " dilophus." 
The form of the gular sac, and whether entirely bare or encroached upon by the feathers of 
the throat, are points which appear to have been generally overlooked in describing the different 
species of cormorants. I consider these features strong characters, that will materially aid in 
determining species when not iu mature plumage, as maybe instanced in the above case. 
The bill is of moderate strength, and entirely smooth both on the sides and ridge. 
List of specimens. 
Catal. 
No. 
Sex and 
age. 
Locality. 
When col- Whence obtained, 
lected. 
1 
Orig'l 
No. 
Collected by — 
Wings. 
Remarks. 
27-12 
Cape Disappointment, 
Columbia river 
Oct. 8, 1836 S. F. Baird.. 
1037 
J. K. Townsend 
10. 75 
12. 00 
10. 50 
[rides darkhazel. 
9892 
4501 
San Francisco, Cal 
Farrallon islands. dal_ 
' Lt. Williamson 
Dr. Heermann 
GRACULUS VIOLACEUS, Gray. 
Violet Green Cormorant. 
Pelecanus violaceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 575. 
Graculus violaceus, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845. — Bon. Comptes Rendus, XLII, 1856, 766. 
Phalacrocorax resplendent, Aud. Orn. Btog. V, 1839, 148.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 304.— Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 430 ; pi. 
ccccxix. 
Urile bicristatus, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 175. 
Sp. Ch. — Violet green ; narrow white feathers are sparingly distributed on the sides of the neck, and hind part and sides of 
the hod}' ; gular sac orange. 
Mull. Crown and sides of the head dark bluish green, gradually blending with the beautiful violet blue of the hind head and 
entire neck ; back, rump, wings, and under plumage of a rich deep green ; axillars, sides under the wings, and thighs violet blue ' 
smaller wing coverts violet ; primaries brownish black, as are the other quills on their inner webs ; tail and shafts black ; the 
entire plumage very lustrous and silky in appearance ; dispersed over the neck and on the sides of the body near the thighs are 
numerous short white piliform feathers which expand at the end in the form of a small brush ; gular sac and bare space about 
the eye orange; feathers of the throat extend upon the lower part of the gular sac for about half its kngth, and terminate in a 
point ; upper mandible blackish brown, lower dusky yellow ; legs and feet black. 
Length, 28 inches ; alar extent, 41 ; wing, 10.50 ; tail, 6.25 ; bill, 2 ; tarsus, 1.90 , outer toe and claw, 3.75. 
Hab. — Western coast of Nurth America. California, Washington Territory. 
Sept.. 23, 1858. 
Ill b 
