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times, and in succession, disappeared. The brown Bear in- 
fested the mountainous parts of Scotland, according to 
Pennant, as late as 1057 ; and Professor Owen says the 
most recent formations in England contain remains which can 
scarcely be regarded as fossil, and which, if not perfectly 
identical with, indicate only a variety of the same Bear which 
is still common in many parts of the European continent. 
The entire skull of the common Bear (Ursus Arctos) in the 
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, was found in Manea 
Fen, Cambridge, from whence other specimens have also 
been procured. 
The Wolf existed in Scotland until the year 1680, and in 
Ireland until 1710, but in England was extirpated much earlier. 
The Beaver existed in Wales in the twelfth century, and 
in Scotland towards the end of the fifteenth century. The 
Badger has been found in the red crag at Newbourn, in 
Suffolk, and is consequently, as Professor Owen states, the 
oldest known species of mammal now living on the surface 
of the earth. He also says, the Otter must have lived 
before the fen lands began to accumulate ! Now, as 
many of these quadrupeds are found in formations of pre- 
cisely similar date with the larger extinct Pachyderms and 
Ruminants, and also accompanying their remains, why may 
not the latter also have become extinct in succession from 
similar causes, and yet in comparatively modern times, before 
any historic record would indicate their existence ? 
What are the Causes which have led to the Extinction 
of the Megaceros ? 
In our endeavours to account for the extinction of any 
animals from a country in which they are known to have 
been plentiful at former periods, we have two different causes 
to investigate, in order to arrive at accurate or probable 
conclusions — 1st. The influence which man may have exer- 
cised in their extirpation. — 2nd. The physical changes 
