70 BEDFORD : EVIDENCE OF GLACIAL ACTION NEAR LEEDS. 
blocks from the sub-angular form they still retain. I also infer that 
the weight of ice has not been very great otherwise the blocks would 
have been crushed to a greater extent and more sand produced. The 
moraine deposit has not been reassorted by the action of water ; the 
blocks are rammed into the clay in all positions and at all levels ; 
they also in many cases rest on their smaller ends. There is no 
appearance of bedding with the exception of the pockets of sand 
above referred to. No rocks from a distance have been found 
in the deposit excepting a small piece of chert which I found some 
years ago. Further evidence of ice movement appears from the 
condition of the shales below. These beds are contorted and 
crumpled in a surprising manner. In addition to the folding 
and squeezing of the shales, portions of the black or lower por- 
tion have been torn up and rammed into the clays above, fully 
five feet higher than their natural position. These blocks are 
seen to be bent and twisted by the pressure. The contortions only 
occur in the upper layers of the shale, the two feet lying immediately 
on the ganister being unaffected at this point shown in the sections ; 
the six feet above, underlying the moraine, being much disturbed. 
The layers are seen to be crushed into sharp angular bends. There 
is no faulting of the bed rock or in the shales to account for the 
movement, and in my opinion nothing but ice could have produced 
the effect referred to. There is sufficient evidence for the 
assumption that the ice in its movement has not followed the direc- 
tion of the valley itself, i.e., by the gorge in the Millstone grit at 
Meanwood Wood, for if it had done so we should certainly find large 
quantities of that material in the moraine torn away from the ridge 
formed by the fault which brings the grit to the surface at that point. 
The direction has been diagonally across the valley from the Plain of 
York. A glacier or ice sheet from the North Sea or from the Hamble- 
ton Hi Us would push local ice from the high ground about Moortown 
into the valley, although the main glacier itself may not have 
stretched so far at the time the deposit was found. The ice does not 
appear to have surmounted the escarpment of Woodhouse Ridge, 
where it may have had its direction turned down the valley ; but 
there is no doubt that a tongue of ice passed round the N.W. of 
