TUTE : A PERMIAN CONGLOMERATE BED AT MARKINGTON 73 
about 70 feet in thickness, and consists of the following strata : — 
Boulder Clay from 5 to 15 feet thick. 
Where the outcrop of the conglomerate occurs this Lumpy Bed 
is certainly more than 50 feet in thickness. As no traces of the 
conglomerate are found in the quarry, I conclude that it is local in 
its origin ; and though the rocks contained in it have certainly been 
brought in Permian times from a distance at least of fifteen or twenty 
miles westward, the formation does not seem to have been glacial, 
but to have been the result of river gravel deposit cemented together 
by subsequent calcareous Permian deposits. 
The Lumpy Bed seems to occur at Humbleton near Sunderland, 
and at Garforth near Leeds. In the latter place the beds abound 
with Axinus obsurus, which also occurs at the western edge of the 
lowest position of the Lumpy Bed, about a mile from the outcrop in 
Markington. 
The so-called Crapley Bed is a marked feature in the Quarry, 
running through its whole length, at an angle of 6° N.E., and con- 
sists of a bed of White Limestone, separated from the beds above 
and below by thin beds consisting of broken fragments of limestone, 
the origin of which does not seem to be very clear. 
Crapley Beds ... ... ... 16 
White Bed, with a clay parting of 2in. ... 30 0 
Lumpy Bed ... ... ... 10 0 
Beds ... ... ... 30 0* 
* To this I drew the attention of the Society at a previous meeting. 
a 
