KENDALL I THE GLACIATION OF YORKSHIRE. 
309 
erratics across the watershed and down the Valley of the Tyne.* 
The other lobe was forced up the Vale of Eden, at the head of which 
the easterly motion of the Lake District ice began to tell, and 
gradually forced it over the crest of the escarpment and over into 
Yorkshire. The point at which this passage took place can be fixed 
with a fair degree of accuracy. Two comparatively low passes occur 
in the neighbourhood of Brough, respectively the higher, and the 
lower, passes of Stain moor. The lower of these, that by which the 
North-Eastern Railway crosses, is only 1,278 feet above sea level, 
but this was pre-occupied by ice flowing from Wilber and How- 
gill Fells, and there was no alternative but to force the higher 
pass nearer to Roman Fell. The striae show a deflection in this 
direction, but the clearest testimony is afforded by the distri- 
bution of erratics. Blocks of Sliap granite are found in abundance 
over the watershed, even at altitudes considerably above the highest 
point of the parent crag, and they are accompanied by erratics of 
Brockram and the so-called Dufton ''granite," besides other well- 
known rocks of the Lake District and some few Scottish rocks. It 
has been remarked by Mr. Gunnf that the Shap erratics descend 
into Deepdalc, Balderdalc and Luncdale, but have never been found 
in the lateral valleys, and the Rev. W. R. Bellif has remarked that 
the stream of these erratics strikes the river Tees at its confluence 
with the Lune and no stragglers occur to the northward. 
I have entered somewhat at length into these preliminaries as, 
without them, it is impossible to form any definite conception of the 
state of Yorkshire during the Ice Age; indeed the most important 
ice-flows in the county had their source and origin without its 
bounds. 
Having brought the Shap granite over the Pennine Chain, I may 
now proceed to trace its distribution here. Down Teesdale it extends 
in an easterly direction right down to the sea, then we can trace it in 
the drift deposits which fringe the seaward margin of the county, 
past Whitby, Scarborough, Filey, Flamborough, Bridlington, Withern- 
* I find that in this observation I was anticipated by the late Thomas Belt. 
(See Quart. Journ. of Science, July, 1876.) 
t Geol. Mag. 1879, p. 384. £ Brit. Assoc. Report on Erratic Blocks, 1893. 
