372 SPENCER : ON THE GEOLOGY OF CALDERDALE. 
between them. Thirty yards higher is the 80 Yards Band Coal, 
about four inches in thickness, and this is followed by about 200 
feet of shale, rag, and thin beds of stone ; thus making, altogether, 
nearly 600 feet of strata between the Rough Rock at the base, and 
the flagstone which crowns the summit of Ringby Hill. This flag- 
stone is here 70 feet in thickness, and consists of thin slaty beds of 
stone, reposing upon thicker beds of stone, rag, and shale in its upper 
part, with thick beds of ashlar and flags at the base ; it occupies an 
extensive area from Ringby and Swalesmoor to Queensbury, North- 
owram, and Southowram, where it is extensively quarried. The late 
Professor Phillips gave it the name of Flagstone Rock, but the Geolo- 
gical Surveyors re-named it the Elland Flagrock, because in working 
up from the south they first met with it in the neighbourhood of 
Elland. This rock has yielded a large number of fossil plants in a 
beautiful state of preservation (casts) ; Anthracosia also occurs in 
certain beds in the upper part of this rock, and worm tracks frequently 
occur oh the bedding planes. 
Besides the well-known Ganister rock which occurs under the 
Hard Bed Coal there is a similar fine-grained siliceous rock met with 
above that coal, and the same kind of rock is also found in the Low 
Moor Coal Measures. 
A bed of similar rock, about nine yards in thickness, occurs in 
the Third Grits at Skip Mount, Wadsworth, near Hebden Bridge, 
and has been traced by the author along the edges of the moors on 
each side of the Calder Valley from Hebden Bridge to Sowerby 
Bridge, and on each side of the Luddenden Valley from Castle Carr 
to Luddenden. It is composed of nearly pure silica, in very fine, but 
sharp, angular grains, rendering it difficult to cut and grind into 
sections for the microscope. This galliard rock appears to have been 
derived from grit rocks, the disintegrated grains of which formed 
extensive shoals of fine sand, and afterwards were cemented together 
by silica. The shales vary considerably in character from soft clayey 
layers to others hard as sand rock, and range in colour from nearly 
white seat-earth to black carbonaceous shale. The " hard bands" 
or " binds " of the miner, are composed of a series of thin layers, 
which vary from one sixteenth of an inch to an inch or more in 
