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gard to the dogma, these rites do not differ; their vari- 
ation is only in their religious ceremonies: for example, 
when standing to say their prayers, the Hhaneffis cross 
their arms, and the Malekis let them hang down. In 
making their ablutions, the one begin with the point of 
the finger, and advance to the elbow; whilst the others 
begin with the elbow, and end at the point of the fingers. 
The Mussulman's belief is, that in order to present him- 
self with propriety before the Creator, and to deserve 
his regard, the body of man ought to be entirely pure; 
for this reason the legal ablutions have been instituted; 
they require the hands to be washed three, times succes- 
sively, and also the inside of the mouth, of the ears, and 
of the nostrils, the face, the arms, the head, the neck, 
and the feet; besides these, there are some general ab- 
lutions, as in washing the whole body from head to toe 
every Friday before the noon prayer, and after certain 
actions. In the places where no water is to be had, the 
ablution may be made with earth or sand; this is their 
custom in the deserts. The ablution is also effected by 
rubbing themselves with the hands alone, after having 
put them on a stone; sailors at sea, make use of this 
kind of ablution, as the sea- water is considered as im- 
pure, and entirely unfit for the purpose. 
Every Mussulman must say over his prayers five 
times a day; the first time at the first point of dawn, or 
when the sun is at eighteen degrees under the horizon 
in the east, which is called Es-sebah; the second time in 
the afternoon, when the shade of a gnomon, placed per- 
pendicularly in the sun, shows the fourth part of its 
length; this prayer is called Ed-douhour; the third 
prayer is made when the shade of this gnomon is equal 
to its own length; this prayer is called Ei-assar; the fourth 
takes place a moment after sun-set, and is called EU 
