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MR.  R.  OWEN  ON  THE  OSTEOLOGY  OF 
bone,  while  in  the  Chimpanzee  it  extends  to  the  second  phalanx  of  the  second  toe  :  in  this 
species,  also,  it  has  always  two  phalanges  in  addition  to  the  metatarsal  bone,  is  set  more 
forwards  on  the  internal  cuneiform  bone,  and  has  its  concavity  looking  more  towards 
the  sole  of  the  foot :  consequently  the  resemblance  of  the  hinder  hand  to  a  true  foot  is 
greater  in  the  Chimpanzee  than  in  the  Orang. 
§  4.  Summary  Comparison  of  the  Chimpanzee  and  Orang  Utan  with  each  other  and 
with  Man. 
The  Chimpanzee  differs  osteologically  from  the  Orang 
1.  In  having  the  cranium  flatter  and  broader  in  proportion  to  the  face. 
2.  In  having  the  supraciliary  ridges  more  developed,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  inter- 
parietal and  sagittal  crests. 
3.  In  the  junction  of  the  temporal  with  the  frontal  bones. 
4.  In  the  greater  proportional  breadth  of  the  interorbital  space. 
5.  In  the  more  central  position  and  less  oblique  plane  of  the  occipital /ommen. 
6.  In  having  but  one  anterior  condyloid /oramew  on  each  side,  while  the  Orang  has 
two. 
7.  In  having  generally  but  one  suborbital /oramew  on  each  side,  while  the  Orang  has 
three  or  more. 
8.  In  the  persistence  of  the  cranial  sutures. 
9.  In  the  earlier  obliteration  of  the  maxillo-intermaxillary  sutures. 
10.  In  the  smaller  proportional  size  of  the  incisive  and  canine  teeth,  and  consequent 
smaller  development  of  the  jaws,  especially  of  the  intermaxillary  bones. 
11.  In  the  smaller  proportional  size  of  the  cervical,  and  larger  proportional  size  of 
the  lumbar,  vertebra. 
12.  In  the  additional  dorsal  vertebra  corresponding  to  the  additional  pair  of  ribs. 
13.  In  the  more  simple  composition  of  the  sternum,  which  consists  of  a  single  and 
not  double  series  of  bones,  as  in  the  Orang. 
14.  In  the  greater  sigmoid  curve  of  the  clavicle,  which  in  the  Orang  is  nearly  straight. 
15.  In  the  less  proportional  breadth  of  the  scapula,  and  the  more  lateral  aspect  of  the 
glenoid  cavity. 
16.  In  the  less  proportional  breadth  and  greater  length  of  the  sacrum. 
17.  In  the  less  proportional  breadth  of  the  ilium,  and  greater  expansion  of  the  ischium. 
18.  In  the  comparative  shortness  of  the  upper  extremities,  more  especially  of  the 
fore  arm  and  hand. 
19.  In  the  non-division  of  the  pisiform  bone  of  the  wrist. 
20.  In  the  greater  proportional  length  of  the  femur  and  tibia,  and  the  less  propor- 
tional length  of  the  foot. 
21.  In  the  presence  of  a  ligamentum  teres,  and  consequent  depression  in  the  head  of 
the  femur. 
