THE  CHIMPANZEE  AND  ORANG  UTAN. 
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22.  In  the  greater  proportional  size  of  the  tarsus  as  compared  with  the  phalanges  of 
the  toes. 
23.  In  having  constantly  two  phalanges  in  the  hallux,  or  great  toe,  with  a  nail ;  while 
the  ungueal  -phalanx  and  nail  are  often  wanting  in  the  hallux  of  the  Orang,  especially  in 
that  of  the  female. 
The  Chimpanzee  approximates  more  nearly  to  the  human  structure  in  those  devia- 
tions from  the  Orang  which  are  numbered  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  12,  13,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21, 
22,  23. 
The  Orang  has  a  nearer  resemblance  to  Man 
1 .  In  the  junction  of  the  sphenoid  with  the  parietal  bones. 
2.  In  having  twelve  pairs  of  ribs. 
3.  In  the  form  of  the  scapula,  especially  its  greater  breadth. 
From  the  preceding  comparison,  therefore,  it  results  that  the  Chimpanzee  ought  to 
rank  above  the  Orang  in  a  descending  series,  and  not  below  it  as  in  the  '  R^gne 
Animal'  of  Cuvier. 
Both  the  Chimpanzee  and  Orang  differ  from  the  human  structure 
1.  In  the  diastema,  or  interval  between  the  cuspidati  and  incisores  in  the  upper  jaw, 
and  between  the  cuspidati  and  bicuspides  in  the  lower  jaw. 
2.  In  the  greater  magnitude  of  the  intermaxillary  bones  indicated  in  the  adult  by 
the  distance  of  the  foramina  incisiva  from  the  incisive  teeth ;  both  of  which  differences 
result  from  the  greater  proportional  development  and  different  forms  of  the  cuspidati 
and  incisores.    These  differences  are  of  generic  value. 
3.  In  the  more  backward  position  and  oblique  plane  of  the  occipital /oramew. 
4.  In  the  smaller  proportional  size  of  the  occipital  condyles. 
5.  In  the  larger  proportional  size  of  the  petrous  bones. 
6.  In  the  greater  proportional  development  of  the  jaws. 
7.  In  the  flatness  of  the  nasal  bone,  which  is  rarely  divided  in  the  mesial  line,  while 
in  Man  the  nasal  bones  are  as  rarely  consolidated  into  one. 
8.  In  the  presence  of  the  ant-auditory  process  of  the  temporal  bone,  and  the  absence 
of  the  mastoid  and  styloid  processes. 
9.  In  the  absence  of  the  process  of  the  ethmoid,  called  the  crista  galli. 
10.  In  the  shortness  and  comparative  weakness  of  the  lumbar  region  of  the  spinal 
column,  which  is  also  composed  of  four  instead  of  five  vertebra. 
11.  In  the  narrowness  and  proportional  length  of  the  sacrum. 
12.  In  the  flatness  of  the  ilia,  and  the  larger  development  and  outward  curvature  of 
the  ischia. 
13.  In  the  position  of  the  pelvis  in  relation  to  the  spine. 
14.  In  the  larger  proportional  development  of  the  chest. 
15.  In  the  greater  length  of  the  upper  extremities. 
16.  In  the  wider  interval  between  the  ulna  and  radius. 
