December r, .1887,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
39' 
their unwilingneHs to facilitate the efforts of private 
enterprise is thus complained of iu a recent issue of 
a Nilgiri journal : — " Thousands of acres of virgin 
forest in the southern and other parts of India, admir- 
ably adapted, not only for the cultivation of Coffee, 
Tea, and Ohiuchona, but of numerous other products, 
are lying idle and unproductive, because the Govern- 
ment choose, without assigning any reason, to put 
a veto on their assumption by men who would trans- 
form tiem from a desert into a garden, and in doing 
so find employment for and ameliorate the conditio i 
of thousands of natives. The old cry that India is 
unsuitable for the employment of Europeans is too 
stale to meet with further credence, and is contra- 
dicted by the prosperity of the Tea planters of 
Assam, Caehar, Ohittagong, and the Nilgiris. The 
real source of this antagonism on the part of the 
Government will, wo think, be found in the old Civil 
Service jealousy of Europeans unconnected with the 
Governnaont obtaining any social position, wealth, or 
influence in the Mofussil. The members of the go\ern- 
ing faction naturally recent the influx of a body of 
men who share with them the respect of the natives, 
and who, if allowed to become sufficiently numerous, 
might ultimately be called upon to assume a portion 
of these magisterial duties which are now reserved 
for their own particular service, and who in tin-e 
might render that service almost unnecessary." With 
regard to the waste land laws the following is the 
state of matters at present existing on the Nilgi'is: — 
Under the old rules rupees two per acre per annum is 
charged on all forest lands iu addit'ou to the origin; ! 
purchase money, but in no case is any sholah — t. e„ 
forest of more than a quarter of an acre in extent 
given, and if thoro should be a spring or passing 
stream even these small bits aro reserved. Under the 
same rules eight annas or one shilling por acre per 
annum is charged for grass lands, with the first five 
years freo of rent. This grass land is not rich, and 
great care and expense have to be incurred be "ore 
Chiuohona plants can be induced to make a start on 
it, and of course growth is slow and tho planter has 
to wait a long time for any returns. — PlANTKK. — Journal 
of Horticulture. 
(To be continued.) 
♦ 
NOTES ON ESSENTIAL OILS AND ALLIED 
PRODUCTS* 
The October Report of Messrs. Schimmel & Co., 
besides dealing with uiarkot questions, coutaius a largo 
amount of other interesting information respecting 
essential oils and allied products, from which the 
following statements are selected : — 
Anise Oil. — Tho production of anise in Russia has 
now attained such enormous dimensions as practically 
to render all other sources only of nominal import- 
ance. Under tho name of anisol an article is sent 
out which is said to be separated from tho eheoptiu 
by a cold process, the injurious influence upon the 
aroma of the oil resulting from the heat necessarily 
employed in the ordiniry rectification processes being 
thus avoided. It is claimed that anisol represents the 
anise aroma iu the purest and most perfect form, and 
that it is free from a disagreeable bye-flavour met 
with in all oils of anise. 
Camphor Oil. — The low-boiling portion of .lapauese 
camphor oil (up. gr. I'fiCO, b. p. 17'> C.) is being 
largely and increasingly used iu various industries, its 
low flashing-point. 11- C. less than that of turpen- 
tine oil, contributing to bring it into favour. It also 
has the advantage over turpentine oil of dissolving 
Appreciably more readily all rtsin", parnlliu, stearin, 
etc., and mostly without the application of heat. 
According to a quotation from Siinmlor's ' Die tropi*che 
Agrieultur,' camphor nil was formerly looked upon in 
•Japan us nearly HSI less, and was only occasionally 
used for the diluiiou of Uc or by the poorer people 
«• a lamp nil. In a purified condition it is however 
* Abstracted Ex on the October Report of Messrs. 
Scbiujinel A- (Jo., ot Loipaic. 
now used most advantageously in the lac manufacture. 
A favourite lac in Japan is prepared from 10 parts 
of camphor oil, 3-3 parts of turpentine oil, and 8 parts 
of eopal resin. Paper treated with a lac prepared from 
colophony and camphor oil becomes very transparent. 
By adding camphor oil to melted asphalt a lac is ob- 
tained which gives to metal plates as line and clear a 
coating as the celebrated Japanese " uruschi"; the 
best proportions are camphor oil 22 parts and asphalt 
5 parts. Paper can bo made waterproof with a mix- 
ture of camphor oil and linseed oil. 
Cananr/a Oil, Indian. — Under this name a relatively 
low-priced oil is imported from Java. It is said to 
come without doubt from the Cananr/a odorata, tho 
same plant as the ylang-ylang oil of the Philippines 
is derived from, and to which, as pointed out by 
FHickiger (JPharm. Joum., [3], xi., 934), the name 
L'nona odoratissima has been incorrectly given. The 
odour of the Java cananga oil cannot, however, be 
compared with that of the finer distillate from Manilla, 
though whether this is due to the Java flowers beiug 
inferior in odour, or to a defective method of pre- 
paring the oil, is not yet known. 
Cardamom Oil. — The last cardamom harvest in Ceylon 
is said to have yielded particularly heavy and full- 
seeded fruit, correspondingly rich in oil. 
Cedar-wood Oil. — For the economical production of 
this oil, which is largely used iu Germany as a basis 
for soap perfume, the waste from the lead pencil 
industry is said to yield an ample supply of material. 
Speaking of fractionated cedar-wood oil, prepared for 
optical purposes, reference is made to a demaud for 
an oil of syrupy consistence, which should be at the 
same timo free from colour. Without affirming that 
such an oil could not be produced, an opinion is ex- 
pressed that its preparation in small quantity would 
be excessively troublesome and tedious. 
Gitronelle Oil. — Assam appears likely to become a 
competitor with Ceylon in the production of this oil. 
Eucalyptus Oil and Eucaiyptol. — Algeria and Cali- 
fornia are now powerful competitors with Australia 
in tho production of eucalyptus oil. It is affirmed 
that Algeria aloue is now in the position to supply 
the whole world with Eucalyptus Globulus oil, and 
that a large quantity is available from California, 
where it is produced as a bye-product in the manufac- 
ture of an anti-calcaire preparation for boilers. The 
production of eucalyptus oil appears, moreover, to be 
increasing in Australia, where it has spread from 
Victoria to South Australia, whilst in Tasmania, also, 
a company has been formed for the distillation of 
different species of Eucalyptus. A statement made 
in a previous report that the Australian oil from 
Eucalyptus amyydaliua contains no eucaiyptol, and is 
inferior in this respect to Eucalyptus Globulus oil from 
Algeria and California, was subsequently challenged 
and stigmatized as "distinctly erroneous.'' Messrs. 
Seb.im.mel, however, now reaffirm that statement, and 
say that the fraction of tho amygdalina oil separable 
at a temperaturo of 17ti = -177 - C. has a specific 
gravity of 0 - 88li at 15° C. (eucaiyptol has a specific 
gravity of 3 930), and is probably a mixture of a ter- 
pin (eucalypteu, Oiu Hm) and a small quantity of 
cymol. 
Geranium Oil, Turkish', or more correctly JbtdfOpogon 
Oil. — It ; s stated that the more expensive sorts of 
Turkish geranium or palmsrosa oil, coming from 
Constantinople, are submitted to a special treatment 
which makes them especially suitable tor tin' adulter 
atiou of rose oil ; it consists iu bleacbiug the oil in 
the sun and rectifying it several times over roses. 
Oil, — Xhe oil distilled from liavnrian heps has 
now displaced that prepared fiom lupuliu, which it 
excels iu the presence of a tino fragrant hop odour, 
and tho absence of the smell resembling that of 
butyric or Valerianic acid that accompanies the 
lupuliu oil. Hop oil is said not to possess a wrootii 
aotioo, but to correspond iu this respect with similar 
volatile oils. 
Qivger Oil. — It is pointed out thst this oil post,, ^, 
only tin' odour of the ginger root and not its „grr- dde 
puufcucy , uud that therefore it cuuuot t.iko the plfMM ol 
