420 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [December i, 1887. 
In no country has fish culture been practised so 
extensively as iu China, where it has been carried on 
from time immemorial, with the patience and skill 
characteristic of the Chinese, but they have never known 
the art of artificial fecundation. This important dis- 
covery, or possibly rediscovery, was made iu West- 
phalia about 130 years ago, by J. L. Jacobi, a lieuten- 
ant of militia, The English Government thought so 
highly of this discovery that it conferred a pension on 
him. 
And now a few words as to what has been done 
by our Australian colonics and New Zealand. Tas- 
mania has achieved the distinction of standing at the 
head of the list. She fortunately possessed patriotic 
and far-seeing men who took the matter in hand 
with praiseworthy enthusiasm, and carried it out 
with untiring energy; nor did she begrudge a liberal 
outlay of money. We all know the brilliant results 
accomplished. Salmon, salmon trout, river trout, 
perch, carp, and tench have all been acclimatised. 
The Tasmanian authorities have iu the most generous 
manner distributed young fish or ova to New Zealaud, 
Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, and 
Western Australia, in each of which colonies a desire 
has arisen to acclimatise most of the fishes enumerated. 
Victoria and New Zealand have made direct im- 
portations of salmon and trout ova from Europe and 
America. Considerable success attended some of the 
New Zealand shipments; many of her rivers abound 
in trout, which grow much more rapidly than they 
do in England. More than a year ago trout fros? 
New Zealand were on sale at a fishmonger's shop 
in the Strand, London. 
Queensland has hitherto attempted little or nothing 
in fish culture or acclimatisation. She has certainly 
not taxed the generosity of the Tasmanians to any 
great extent. The Hon. W. H. Walsh several years 
ago brought some small perch from Hobart Town, 
thirteen of which, I am informed, survived and were 
placed in the Enoggera reservoir, where they may be 
at the present time, no one knowing aught to the 
contrary, though none have been seen. The second 
trial wa8 made by the Hon. A. J. Thynne, who on a 
visit to Tasmania a few months ago had the courage 
to make an attempt in defiance of the hot weather 
prevailing. Perch and trout were the fishes selected, 
about sixty in all; the trout died before Sydney was 
passed, and of the perch one alone reached Brisbane 
alive. Some years ago a few gouramie were brought 
to Brisbane and placed in a pond in the Acclim- 
atisation Society's gardens — they soon died. About 
eighteen months ago six gouramie were sent to our 
Governor, Sir Anthony Musgrave, by Mr. Neild, the 
British Consul at Batavia ; five died before reaching 
Brisbane; the sixth on the arrival of the " Quetta " at 
the wharf was found lying on its side at the surface 
of the water, apparently in extremis, but on removal 
to a vessel of Enpggera water it at once recovered 
and throve wonderfully, disporting itself in the 
aquarium at the museum for several months, when 
it also died, being killed by the cold. 
The fifth and last experiment was made recently 
with English fish from Lake Wendouree, Ballarat. 
.So far as I am aware these few efforts at fish acclim- 
atisation form the sum total of what has been 
done in the past. It is truly a poor record, and one 
of which Queensland has reason to be ashamed, but 
may we not easily and speedily atone for our apathy 
by at once taking up the subjeot with the spirit 
and energy we observe elsewhere, and that we our- 
selves have practised in other mattsrs? — D. O'C. — 
Cj a ri: ltd under. 
♦ 
NOTES ON ESSENTIAL OILS AND ALLIED 
PRODUCTS.* 
( Concluded from page 893; j 
HELD OF ESSENTIAL niL BY DRUGS AND PLANTS. 
In the following list the figures given represent the 
quantity in parts by weight of esseutial oil, which 
is the experience of Messrs. Schimmel is yielded by 
* Abstracted from the October Report of Messrs. 
■ Li', ■: . ■! and Co., of L'ipzic. 
100 parts of the raw material mentioned. The 
botanical names used by Messrs. Schimmel haVt* been 
retained, although in some ca-es they differ from 
those now applied to the respective plants in this 
country. 
Ajowan Seed (Ptychotis Ajowan).—3 per cent. 
Almoads, Bitter (Amygdalus amara). — 4 to 7 per cent. 
Angelica Seeds (Archangelica officinalis . — 115 per ct. 
Angelica Root, Thuringian (Ditto). —0-J5 percent. 
,, „ Saxon (Ditto/. — 1 per cent. 
Anise Seed, Russian (Pimpindla Anisum). — 2 - 8 per ot. 
„ „ Thuringiau (Dz'ito).— 2 4 percent. 
„ ,, Moravian (Ditto).— 2-6 per cent. 
„ ,, Chili (Ditto. — 2 - 4 per cent. 
„ „ Spanish (Ditto). — 3 per cent. 
„ „ Levantine (Ditto. — P3 per cent. 
Arnica Flowers (Arnica montana). — 0'04 per cent. 
Arnica Root (Ditto). — 1*1 per cent. 
Aeafcetida (Ferula Asafatida). — 3 - 25 per cent. 
Asarum Root (Asarum Europeum) . — 1;1 per cent. 
Basilicum Hero, fresh (Ocymum Basilicum). — 0 04 p. c. 
Bajber>-y Leaves (Pimenta acris).—2-'6 to 2 6 per cent. 
Bearberry (Arcotstaphylos Vva-Ursi). — 0'01 per cent. 
Betel Leaves (riper Bctle).—0'55 per cent. 
Birch Tar (Betula alba). — 20 per cent. 
Buchu Leaves (Barosma crenulata). — 2 - 6 per cent. 
Calamus Root (Acorus Calamus). — 2 - 8 per cent. 
Oanella (Canella alba). — 1 per ceDt. 
Caraway Seed, Cult. German (Carum Carvi).—4 p. c. 
,, ,, Cult. Dutch (Ditto). — 55 per cent. 
,, „ Cult. East Prussian (Ditto). — 5 p. C. 
,, ,, Cult. Moravian CD itto). — 5 per cent. 
„ „ Wild German (Ditto).— Q to 7 per cent. 
,, „ Wild Norwegian (Ditto). — Cto6 - 5p. c. 
„ ,, Wild Russian (Ditto). — 3 per cent. 
Oardamoms, Ceylon (Elettaria Cardamomum). — 4-G p c. 
,, Madras (Ditto). — 5 per cent. 
,, Malabar (Ditto). —4 25 per cent. 
,, Siam (Ditto). — 4 3 per cent. 
Carrot Seed (Daucus carota).- P65 per cent. 
Cascarilla Bark (Croton Eluteria). — 1*75 per cent. 
Cassia Flowers (Cinnamomum Cassia). — 1 - 35 per cent. 
Cassia lignea (Ditto). - 1 5 per cent. 
Cedar Wood (Juniperum Virginianum). — 85 per cent. 
Celery Herb (Apium graveolens). — 0'2 per cent. 
Celery Seed (Ditto). — 3 per cent. 
Celtic Nard Root ( Valeriana celtica). — 1 per cent. 
Chamomiles, Ger. (3tatricaria Chamomilla). -=0-285 p. c 
„ Roman (Anthemis nobilis). — 0'7 to 1 p. c. 
Chekan Leaves (Myrtus Chekan). — 1 per cent. 
Cinnamon, Ceylon (Cinnam. zeylanicum). — 0'9-l'25 p. c. 
Cloves, Araboyna (Caryophyllus aromaticus). — 19 p. c. 
„ Bourbon (Ditto). — IS per cent. 
„ Zanzibar (Ditto). — 17"5 per cent. 
Clove Root (Genm urbanum). — 0 01 per cent. 
Clove Stalks [Ditto)- — 6 per cent. 
Copaiba Balsam, Para (Copaifeva officinalis). — 45 p. c. 
„ ,, E.I. (Dipterocarpus tarbinatus) . — 65 p. c. 
Coriander Seed, Thur. (Coriandrum sativum).— OS p. c. 
„ „ Russian (Ditto).— 0'9 per cent. 
„ „ Dutch (Ditto).— 0-6 per cent. 
„ „ East Indian (Ditto)-— 0-15 per cent. 
,, „ Italian (Ditto ). —0-7 per cent. 
„ Mogador (Ditto). — 0'6 per cent. 
Oubebs (Piper Cubeba).— 12 to 16 per cent. 
Culilawan Bark iLaurus Culilawan). — 3 - 4 per cent. 
Cumin Seed, Mogador (Cuminum Cyminum). — 3 p. c. 
Cumin Seed, Maltese (Ditto).— 3 4 9 per ceut. 
„ „ Syrian (Ditto). — 4'2 per cent. 
„ „ East Indian (Ditto) .—2-25 per cent. 
Curcuma Root (Curcuma longa). — 5 - 2 per cent. 
Dill Seed, German (Anethum yraveolens). — 3'8 per ct. 
,, „ Russian (Ditto). — 4 per cent. 
,, „ East Indian (Anethum Sowa).— 2 per cent. 
Elder Flowers (Sambucus nigra). — 0'025 percent. 
Elecampane Root (Inula Helenium). — 0 - 6 per cent. 
Elemi Resin (Icica Abilo).— 17 per cent. 
Eucalyptus Leave", dried (Eucalyptus c/lobiilus).—3]>. c. 
Fennel Seed, Saxon (Anethum Famicuhim). — 5-5"6 p. c. 
„ Gaiiciiia (J)itto).—6 per cent. 
„ „ E. I. (Fuenindum Panmorium ).— 2'2 p. c. 
Galanga R"ot (Alpinia Galanya).— 0-75 per cent. 
Galbanum Resin (Galbanum officinale).—^ per cent 
