536 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [February i, 1888. 
out, a little town has beeu created at the head-quarters 
of the new industry, situated at Brettesnoes, in the 
Lofoden Isles, the very heart of the best Norwegian 
cod-fisheries. There, in the midst of perhaps the most 
lovely scenery in Norway, has gradually risen a huge 
commercial undertakinp, affording, in this branch, em- 
ployment for over 500 fishermen and working people. 
It is claimed for Jensen's Norwegian Ood-Liver Oil, 
that it protects the chest and lungs of horses and 
cattle -ixposed to wet and cold, being a nourishing 
food, a stimulant, and a valuable curative agent and 
safeguard against pneumonia and influenza. It in- 
creases the yield of milk and the richness of cream, 
and whether with goats, calves, lambs, pigs, or puppies, 
the results have been found most efficacious. Writing 
on this subject the Livestock Journal says : — 
The cod livers are now obtainable perfectly fresh, 
a vitally important matter in the preparation of the 
cod-liver oil. The bodies of the cod and the herrings 
produce an oil (trade oil) used for many purposes, 
principally for dressing leather, to render it soft and 
supple. The bones aud flesh, formerly a waste product, 
now, when dried and ground up, form the base of 
what is known as fish potash manure. By dint of 
thus increasing and multiplying the uses of the fishing 
harvest in the Norwegian waters, the original cost of 
all has been brought to a minimum, and cattle oil- 
that is cod-liver oil— intended for feeding animals, is 
now manufactured aud sold by the company at rates 
rendering it available for any stock-keeper in the 
country, whether a breeder of horses or sheep, 
cattle or pigs, or oxen or fancy dogs, or fancy fowls. 
Sir C. A. Cameron, Mi D., President of the Royal 
College of Surgeons, Ireland, writes of this cattle 
oil:— "It is an excellent idea to give this oil to cattle. 
A few ounces added daily to their food, would be most 
beneficial to their health, and would help materially 
to fatten tbem." So it has proved in practice ! With 
young stock— calves, fowls and lambs especially— 
brought into the world in the midst of the most 
inclement weather, as it is often their unfortunate 
lot, the cattle oil is said to be the means of saving 
hundreds of valuable young lives. It provides them 
with warmth, the first necessity of young life. A 
full-grown horse or cow is given a wine glass full of 
the cattle oil night and morning. It costs almost 
exactly Id. per day. A ton of cake, costing about 
£9 10s., contains 112 lbs. of oil. A barrel of cattle 
oil, costing from £4 10s. to £5, contains 220 lbs. pure 
cod-liver oil, the highest form of nutriment, and the 
most efficient to a perfect digestion known. The 
most important points claimed, therefore, for Jensen's 
cattla oil for farmers' use, are its (1) powers of 
saving young life, especially lambs and calves, and (2) 
its highly fattening properties, both for young and 
full-grown stock. One of the greatest companies in 
the world as owners of horses, is giving it an exhaustive 
trial. If it will keep their horses free from influenza 
alone, it will pay them well. If it will put up the 
average of the working days of a horse six to nine 
months, as results already achieved make very probable, 
shareholders can congratulate themselves on an in- 
crease of dividend from the use of the cattle oil. 
We learn that in order to introduce Messrs. Jensen's 
cod-liver oil for cattle to the notice of the authorities 
in India, Messrs. Hertz and Collingwood, the Loudon 
agents, are sending out a trial consignment, so that we 
may at an early date be able to say something definite 
on the subject, so far as India is concerned. — Indian 
Agriculturist. 
THE GIBBS AND BARRY TEA DRYING 
MACHINE. 
Our readers will be interested in the information 
furnished in the following letter by Mr. Gibbs, showing 
that the drier can be supplied at moderate prices and 
of such sizes as may suit varying circumstances : — 
To the Editor of the " Ceylon Observer." 
3rd December 1887. 
Dear Sib,— With reference to your admirable re- 
port on the GibbR and Barry Tea Dryer, will you 
allow me to expliin to your readers that, the esti- 
mate of R4,000 applied only to the old type machines. 
Taey are now made with very many improvements 
at fully '25 per cent less price. They are made also 
in any sizes to suit any garden, the smaller ones 
being easily worked by hand. Your planter friends 
therefore have only to instruct our Agents as to the 
quantity of leaf they wish to dry per diem aud the 
power they have to spare, to obtain exactly what 
they require. I have the pleasure to forward by 
book-post a descriptive brochure by which you will 
see that I have applied this system of different siies 
and capacities to the purposes of wheat drying, 
sugar drying and other products with complete success, 
the range being from 9 feet by 2 feet, up to 48 feet 
by 3 feet 6 inches. Since Mr. Barry left England I 
have perfected a very simple and economical stove 
in which wood and coal can be used for these dryers. 
—Yours very faithfully, WM. A. GIBBS. 
*- 
THEINE AND OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF 
TEA AS FACTORS IN ITS QUALITY. 
We commented on the figures for theine obtained 
by Dr. Paul and Mr. Cownley without having care- 
fully read the accompanying remarks. A perusal 
of the paper, pencil in hand, shows the correctness 
of our inference that neither the flavour, strength, 
nor general quality of tea can be taken to depend 
on the amount of theine which may be yielded to 
the analytical chemist. The eminent chemists 
who conducted the experiments trace flavour to the 
essential oil (with reference to which, therefore, 
analyses should be conducted) ; and strength they 
are inclined, naturally enough, to refer to " the 
substance resembling tannin " which so largely 
exists in tea, but only a portion of which is ever 
extracted in a really good infusion. That neither 
strength nor general quality depends on the pro- 
portion of theine present in tea, is proved by the 
moderate percentage in the specially fine Strathellie 
tea operated on, and the slight difference, for 
theine, between " weak and strong " Indian teas. 
We are glad to observe that further examinations 
are to be made, and we trust that the proportion 
and influence of the essential oil will be specially 
noted. Some local chemist ought to go to a tea 
factory and analyse tea at every stage of green 
leaf, withered, rolled, fermented, and partially and 
fully roasted. It is surely curious that the chem- 
ists, though they give elevations at which teas 
were grown, say not one word about what was to 
us so obvious, the influence of altitude on the pro- 
portion of theine in tea. We suspect the substance 
we have been accustomed to call tannin will be 
found to follow the same rule of diminishing with 
altitude, while the amount of flavour-imparting 
essential oil increases. 
■♦ 
The Fall in Quinine to 2§ per unit re- 
ported from London yesterday may be accounted 
for by large holders of bark at home, tired of 
waiting so long, coming on the market with a 
rush at the first signs of recovery. There is 
certainly nothing in the Ceylon statistics or pros- 
pects to justify the fall. On the contrary, the 
latest railway return shews a weekly transport 
of 40£ tons of bark against 136i tons in the 
same period of 1887. Should it be a case of 
clearing off bark stocks in London, of course good 
will result. We cannot altogether forget that some 
of the good friends who preach to us ' keep down 
exports from Ceylon' are not quite disinterested, 
having stocks of bark of their own lying in London 
stores waiting for a better market. The large deal- 
ings recently reported in quinine must give an 
impetus to manufacturing which cannot fail again 
to ro-act favourably erelong on the Bark market, 
