April 2, 1888.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
683 
export duty ia taken off, it will pay better for the 
shippers in these latter to sent their sugar to 
Europe or the United States, and since the middle 
of Ootober large shipments have been made from 
Pernambuco and Bahia to these countries : there 
was exported from Pernambuco alone 25,000 tons 
in the month of November 1887. The bulk of the 
sugar produced in the north is mascava, or ordinary 
brown, and a demand is springing up fortius clas-s 
of sugar for refining purposes. Within the last two 
months prices for these inferior kinds have risen 30 
per cent. The price of central factory sugar has risen 
25 per cent during the last few months. The increase 
in the production in tho province of Eio is owing 
to the central factory system. The supply of 
oane to these is likely to increase. The price of 
sugar, although so low as to leave nothing to the 
small farmer who manufactures his own, has still 
left a profit for the central factory owners. The 
prioe of cane is always regulated by the prioe of 
sugar in Rio de Janeiro or the local market or 
according to tho nttt proceeds of the account sales. 
So the factory is secure of its profits. Five 
shillings a ton for oane pays the farmer if the 
factory has a tramway near his cane fields to 
transport his cane, and the factory owners never 
oalculate on less than five pounds sterling profit 
per ton of sugar ; while the sale of the rum 
which would be about a pipe for every three tons 
of sugar goeB towards repairs of machinery and 
upkeep of tramways. 
By the figures I give below, you will notice that 
tho produce of the province of Eio does not supply 
enough for the local consumption, and although 
tho increase of production, as shown by entries into 
Rio during 1887, has risen to nearly a third, the 
extra consumption as judged by the table of sales 
in 1887 in Rio has risen in equal proportion, 
and of tho total sales effected in Rio for local 
consumption, about the usual proportion a third of 
that consumption has been supplied from the 
northern parts from tho provinces of Pernambuco, 
Bahia, and Alagoas. The increase in the sales for 
consumption in tho country seems largo, but 
this goes to prove, but in an inverse manner, what 
we observed above in regard to coffee con- 
sumption in the United States during 1887, tho 
high or the low price of the article affect- 
ing the purchase of it. Other factors as regards 
the consumption of sugar in Rio have to be counted 
on also. One is tho increase of sugar-consuming 
subjects, such as through immigration from other 
countries and through liberation of the blacks. 
In a state of captivity they (the negroes) use 
little sugar unless direct from the cane, their 
own molars doing duty for the crushing mill, then- 
strong lungs that of the evaporators. In a state 
of freedom they are large consumers, and we may 
expect a still larger consumption amongst these 
within tho next few years. Another agent in tho 
trade- is tlx' manufacturer of /'«(/.</>'•■■' mw.«, cordials, 
and all kinds of spirituous liquors. This trade 
has been carried on for years in Kio and other 
towns in Brazil, and only now and then Government 
interferes. During tho year before last, however, 
it got a decided impetus through the agricultwral 
interest in Parliament appearing M champions in 
favour of ilin trade, against some measure for re- 
gulating it< It wan proved to the satisfaction of 
iiiiiny, that fahifled ItmiOrt made from tho ttiperior 
tptrit and tnecharive product of this country wero 
far bolter for the health of tho consumers of 
them thin the base ImiUUoofl .shipped from Haiu- 
brjrg, Antwerp, Bordeaux, and Lisbon lo Brazil, 
and to tdiow that they had convinced the Govern- 
ment of the expediency thul since wo cannot pro- 
vout other people Ii'om making a j'i>;/ir on the poi on- 
ing of our people we ought to make some ourselves, 
a heavier duty was put on all imported liquors, 
and the pinchbeck trade in beverages is fostered. 
But hero are the figures : — 
Sugar Mahket in Riu de Janeiro in J-'ack3 of 
CO Kilos=17 to A Ton. 
1887. 18f 6. 
Stock in ltio 1st January ... 03,107 3:3,420 
Entries into Kio from northern 
ports .. 212,180 130,533 
From the province of Rio coast 
and rail 438,816 304,227 
Total... 709,189 
1887. 
Bags of 
60 kilos. 
Sales in Rio for export .. ..36,078 
„ ,, local consumption. ,616,446 
Stock at ;ilst December.. .. 56,615 
488,2(0 
1886. 
Bags of 
60 kiloa. 
88,12? 
391,966 
63,107 
Total aa above 
.709,139 488,200 
Sugar consumption in Rio de Janeiro and vicinity. 
1887. 
Bags. 
,.616,446 
,.212,186 
.404,260 
1886. 
Bags of 
60 kilos. 
391,966 
130,533 
Sold in Rio for local consumption 
Receipts during year from north 
Supplied by province of Rio equal 
to S consumption . . . .404,260 261,413 
On comparing the table below it will be seen that 
the monthly sales have been equal to the receipts ; 
so that there is little room for inference, that towards 
the end of the season dealers may have been laying 
in a stock. In October some 30,000 bags were ship- 
ped to London, which explains the heavy sales in 
that moi'.th. 
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Of the sugar produced at the central factories 
70 per cent will be 1st, 20 por cent 2nd. and 10 
per cent 3rd qualities. The first two are classed 
with whiti, and the last an uiascava or WUCOXrinKa, 
A fourth is often taken. All molasses aru turned 
into in in. 
