May i, 1888] THE TROPICAL 
AGRICULTURIST. 
779 
ber by name,* were paving the way for Ceylon to be 
known as the home of the best of all lea, to be recog- 
nized as a community of planters that intended to 
nail the flag " Excelsior " to their mast, and to prove 
to the world that the planter would not countenance 
adulteration or injurious manipulation in any form 
or shape. The efforts and honorable intontions of 
planters have not, unfortunately, always been seconded 
and aided by the retail dealer, for we know that 
uuder cover of Ceylon tea much rubbish is sold 
by the retail tea dealer. Individual efforts of Ceylon 
planters who have entered the retail trade have 
not been crowned with deserved success, for the 
simple reason that they wore not able to " stay," or, 
in other words, their oapital was too small and limited. 
I won't allude to the Ceylon tea trade of Great 
Britain, because that trade has already become 
familiar to you ; but I wish to oall your attention 
to a country — I mean America — where your tea is 
hardly known at all, and where there is room enough 
for well-directed, honest effort, backed by adequate 
oapital, energy, push, and waiting powers. 
Mr. J. McCombie-Murray has been, and is, doing a 
noble pioneer's work, and the tea planter oan 
thoroughly rely upon, and place confidence in, that 
gentleman's vigor andpuBh, and, above all, upon his 
selling a pure Ceylon tea. Your interests in his 
hands are safe as regards the purity of the tea he may 
offer as Ceylon tea, and you may safely rest in the 
certainty that all that one man, with limited capi- 
tal, can honourably do, by push, energy ,and indomi- 
table pluck, will be done by Mr. Murray ; but I 
submit it to you, oan any one man, with limited 
means, however energetic he may be, occupy — 
satisfactorily to you — a field wherein live and have 
their being sixty millions of people ? Early in 1885 
I endeavoured to make pure Ceylon tea known to 
the people of Canada and the United States, and, in 
a limited way I did ; but it was a drop in the bucket, 
and my means were too scanty to enable me to go 
on in a work that had few glimmers of brightness 
or satisfaction, and discouragements innumerable. 
Suffice it to say that three years of uphill, hard, 
unprofitable work convinced me that certain things 
were essentially necessary in order to place Ceylon 
pure tea properly before the Amerioan and Canadian 
oonsumer. I don't include the grocer, retail or 
wholesale tea dealer, but confine myself to the 
consumer, who must, if we want to attain suocess, 
be approached independently of any tea dealer or 
grocer whatever. 
Now, I want you to have patience and permit me 
-to toll you what I deom essential to sucoeeB, and 
what to avoid : — 
First. — A delicate, highly-flavored pekoe tea is an 
abcolute desideratum. 
Second. — A man with push, energy, an abundanoe 
of capital, and thoroughly versed in the art (?) of 
Amorican advertizing. 
'Third. — To maintain a uniform standard of tea. 
i'ourth. — To refrain from sending strong, pungent, 
coarse teas until the moro delicato varioties aro 
known and recognized by the American nnd Canadian 
consumor. 
Fifth. — To work independently of grocers, rotail 
t«a deiilor.-< and jobbers of toas ; and 
Lastly. — To see that only pure Ceylon tea is sold 
by your representatives. 
Do those ideas commoud themselves to you ? Or 
aro you of opinion that you know more about it 
than one who has intorviowod tho principal tea 
DTolteni and Wholesale dealers in tea in the city of 
New York, in 1'hiladi'lphia, and many other cities of 
the Unitod States and Canada? 
" Urnri' omissions nro l.lphmxtone »iul Ceylon Com- 
pany, Limited, ninl Abhntsford was curlier than some 
montioucd.— Ku. 
The planters of Ceylon are not slow to see where 
their best interests lie. They are quiok to adopt 
new and approved ideas, and I submit that my 
idea of going direct to tho tea consumer is, if not 
new, something for them to take into consideration. 
Are the planters and those interested In opening 
new markets for their tea inclined to help an old 
member who believes he is baoked by an Amerioan 
gentleman of means, energy and push ? 
April 23rd, 1888. R. E. PINEO. 
DISCOVERY OP A PROCESS FOR MANU- 
FACTURING PURE SULPHATE OF QUININE 
AT MUNGPOO RESOLUTION. 
(Official paper). 
Apprehensions of the extermination, in their 
native forests, of the qninine-yielding Cinchona trees 
having reached an acute stage about thirty yean 
ago, the Government of India decided to take effec. 
tual steps to introduce their cultivation into India. 
The collection of seed and seedlings in the wide 
tract of difficult couutry over which tho best medi- 
cinal sorts are naturally scattered was no eafiy task. 
But it was successfully accomplished by Messrs. 
Markham, Pritchett, Spruce and Cross. Contem- 
poraneously with these efforts on the part of the 
English Government, the Dutch authorities were at 
work ou behalf of their Malayan Colonies, and by 
the year 1862 Cinchona cultivation had been success- 
fully initiated in India and Malaya. The localitieg 
selected for the experiment of Cinchona growing in 
India were the Nilgiris and British Sikkim. And 
the excellence of this selection has been proved by 
the fact that the original nurseries in both localities 
have developed into large plantations which still 
remain in the hands of Goverument. From these 
two centres, seed and seedlings have been freely 
distributed to planters, and large tracts of land, 
especially in Southern India and Ceylon, have been 
covered with Cinchona trees by private enterprise. 
2. The Cinchona trees thus introduced into India 
aro practically of two sorts: (1) Quinine yielders 
and (2) Mixed alkaloid yielders. Of the quinine 
yielders there are two kinds, ri:.., Yellow or Calisaya 
(including Ledgerianu) and Crown or officinalis barks. 
Of the mixed alkaloid yielders there are also two 
kinds, vie., red or succirubra which has been in culti- 
vation from the beginning and a kind which has 
come into prominence during the past few years, 
and which in Annual reports has been referred to 
an Hybrid bark. Red bark contains a com- 
paratively small proportion of quinine with large 
proportions of cinchonidine and cinchonino. It had 
been chiefly used by druggists in the preparation of 
decoctions and tinctures, and had not beou used by 
quiniue makers as a source of quinine. This red-bark 
tree was however the kind which in the early days of 
the cultivation it W119 found most easy to propagate, 
and in nil plantations both public and privato it greatly 
preponderated over the other sorts. 
'A. Tho cultivation of cinchona trees having boen 
pushed beyond the region Of experiment, the next pro- 
blem that presented itself was tho utilization of their 
bark. For the private grower the most lucrativo course 
up to the presout time has boen to sell the crude bark 
in London. The objeot of Government was not how- 
ever to sooure a financial success, but to provide tho 
peoplo of the country at the lowest possible rate with 
an efficient remody for the most proraleut of all the 
diseases of the country. Tho first step for Govern 
uient to take was therefore to discover whether it 
W'.lh ready a fact that quinine is the only alkaloid 
worth extracting separately from cinchona bark, and 
whether rinchouidiuo ami cinchonino might not each 
be an effioiont febrifuge. It WH truo that quiuiQu 
alone bad got into us,, us 11 febrifuge, and that it 
alone of the ciucboua alkaloids hud found .1 place 11, 
tho British Pharmacopeia. (Id the other band tinc- 
tures, decoctions and various pharmaceutical pre- 
parations of rod-bark. Into the oons ti tattoo of wnlob 
nil three nlknhmli must undoubtedly enter, had for 
many yours bone tlx r< put'iuou of excellent remedies 
