June i, 1888.] THE TROPICAL 
AGRICULTURIST, 
813 
choua on these islands, both of which have so far 
been successful. 
ANALYSIS OF ULUPALAKUA CINCHONA, 
The first was on the property of James I. Dow- 
sett, Esq., rjlupalakua, Maui, where a few trees were 
planted some twelve (12) years ago, by the late Captain 
Makee. About three months ago, at the request of 
Mr. Dowsett, I saw these trees, and by his desire 
one of them was cut down and the bark brought to 
Honolulu for analysis. The following is I\lr. Smith's 
letter to Mr. Dowsett, containing analysis : — 
" Honolulu, H. Li July 27, 1887. 
"Hon. James I. Dowsett. — Dear Sir : I bog to ac- 
knowledge receipt from you of 23 lb. of cinchona bark, 
selected by Mr. W". J. Forsyth, from a tree of 
the variety of cinchona robusta, growing on your 
Kanch at I'lupalakua, Maui, and to append here- 
with analysis of same, viz :— 
No. 1. Total Alkaloids 12.180 
Sulphate of Quinine 5.832 
No. 2. Total Alkaloids 12.582 
Sulphate of Quinine 5.660 
No. 3. ToUl Alkaloids 12,643 
Sulphate of Quinine 5.581 
"This analysis shows even greater results than 
the analysis of bark from the cinchona robusta grow- 
ing in Oeylon and Soulhei n India. I take pleasure 
in offering to purchase this parcel, lor which 1 will 
pay you 75 cents per lb., this price being based on 
the latest London quotations for first class bark. I 
remain Sir, yours very truly, Geo. W. Smith. " 
Tbe percentage of sulphate of quinine alkaloids 
always regulates the commercial value of cinchona 
bark. Accordingly, whi n the abovo return is compared 
with the results obtained from these barks in India, 
the planters of Hawaii have good reason to con- 
gratulate themselves in anticipation. 
According to the returns of the government cinchona 
plantations of India, and tlms-> conducted under 
private enterprise, the analysis of barks seldom 
shows more than an average of 2.70 to three per 
cent of sulphate of quinine alkaloids. This result is 
almost entiroly owing to the lower classos of cin- 
cho nas planted. From figures taken three or four 
years ago, the total number of cinchonas planted out 
in India, viz., 26,490,000, there are 20,676,000 Suc- 
cibras, the balance are made up from Officinalis, 
Pubesecns, etc. There is very little or scarcely any 
at all of the higher classes grown, viz., Ledgeriana, 
Calisaya, and Calisaya Verde. The reason of this is 
very eisily explained. When the Indian Government 
resolved to father the cultivation Of cinchona in In- 
dia, the botanist charged With the collection of seoils 
in South America, w is unable to obtain any of tbe 
higher grades ; hence the prevalence of the Succirubra, 
in the plantations referred to. I go out of my way 
sonvwhit to make special mention of this important 
matter, since it bears strongly upon the future of 
these Islands as producers of cinchona. I specially 
rcecommend the Ledgeriana and Calisaya typos of 
cinchona to be grown here, yielding as they do all 
the way from five to over ten per cent of Sulphate 
of quinine alkaloid. 
CINCHONA IN HAMAKl'A, HAWAII. 
The next effort at introducing < 'iuchona was made 
by Mr. Purvis of Ktikuihacle. This gentleman made 
a special visit to Ceylon for the purpose of gather- 
ing information about tho cu'tivation of this valu- 
able product. Ho spent three months thore and 
returned with s Is nt the choicest kinds, nnd planted 
a small block of land at an elevation of about 2,IM) 
ftet above sen levol, some 12 acres in extent. 
His overturns wire row anted with success, and he now 
has about 12,' 100 trees OlOSO upon three years of age. At 
tho tune of inv visit to Ktiknihaole in October l ist, 
tlleso .trees were in a very healthy and thriving 
condition. The foliage is of a deep green color, 
ami altg Vor sho wh nvidoncr of thriving vigorously. 
In oinchona cultivation the great difficulty experienced 
is to raise the seed to plant from ; utter that the 
rest of the work is comparatively easy. I am of 
opinion that ihe wholo of Haiuakiiit and llilo, of 
tho iilaud of Hawaii, also, tho districts which. I 
have noted as corresponding to them on the island 
of Maui, are eminently adapted for the cultivation 
of cinchona. The elevation selected to ensure suc- 
cess must be above 1,500 and not more than -1,0'J0 
feet above sea level. 
SUGGESTIONS ON CULTIVATION. 
The pahoehoe lava formation, particularly where it 
crops up near the surface of the ground, is onsuited 
for planting cinchona. Cinchona of all kinds are sen- 
sitive to " wot feet" aud will assuredly die off if 
planted in fatty soil, or in grouud.that has no subsoil 
drainage. The soil does not require to be very rich, 
but must be friable and free. The ground should be 
thoroughly cleared of all forest and undergrowth, and 
kept perfectly clean for the first three years. After 
this time the branches interlace together, and cast a 
dense shade on tbe ground, which effectually prevents 
the sprouting of all foreign weeds or shrub". The fol- 
lowing is a list of the work to be done iu opening a 
cleariug: liaising nurseries will cost about §5 per 
1,000 plants. 
CLEANING OF LAND. 
Lining 5 + 5, = 17,000 to the acre. Holing, IS inches 
by 18 inches. 
PLANTING. 
By " cleariug of land," I do not wish to be under- 
stood to mean to clear it in the same elaborate way 
that is done for cane. No uprooting of stumps of 
trees being required. It is always belter to hole iu 
the dry weather and in advance, because the work 
greatly facilitates planting, when the proper season 
arrives. Cleaning every two months for two years, 
then every three months. I know of no reason why 
cinchona cannot be grown equally well in the choicest 
parts of Kona and Pun\ on the old ova formations, as 
districts mentioned, but as I have never planted on 
similar land, cannot say positively. 
CINCHONA IN CENTRAL AMERICA. 
Iu the Kepuhlic of Guatemala, Central America, I 
raised iu nurseries, 3,000,000 of eiuchona trees, and 
delivered to planters 2,500,000. Tho b-ilance, 500,000 
was lost from various causes. These trees are of the 
types which I have enumerated as the lower kinds of 
cinchona, viz., chiefly Succirubra, then Kobusta, Offi- 
cinalis and Pubescens. I had no seed of the higher 
grades. These trees comprise nearly all the cinchona 
planted iu Mexico or Central America. 
coriKE. 
To select lauds for the cultivation of coffee, 
a thorough knowledge of all the requirements 
of tho tree is necessary, as a maximum return 
to a given area is the object to be gained, and 
where any of these requirements are wanting, 
• cotfee had better not be tried. There are a few 
coffee patches on the Island of Maui. Odenewr Huelo, 
East Maui, planted by Mr. iVnueslay, about $00 feet 
elevation, another on the ranch of Mr. Burchar.lt, 
about 1,500 feet, and a third on a property belonging 
to Mr. Campbell, ou West Maui, about five to seven 
miles up the Honokobaii Canyon, elevation 10 1 feet. 
These several patches of coffee trees range all the 
way from ton to fifteen and twenty years of age. 
There are all very vigorous indeed ; foliage and other 
indications show all tho evidence of health and a 
continuance of life. They have, however, been terribly 
neglected. Totally abandoned in some cases, ami 
jiiiikIo has been nllowed to grow up nnd completely 
choke the lower primaries, so that the tree is now, 
nnd has been foryoirs, solely dependent on the tops 
for reproduction, or crop. I am very much s : rpris. I 
to see them alivo at all under these conditions, which 
speaks volumes for the extreme riihio >s of the soil. 
Mr. Annesley informs me that from one tree he litis 
picked as much as twenty pounds of cle in dry coffee, 
and thinks there is little doubt but an nver.i ;e of 
three to four pounds oan bo gathered anmully from 
each tree. 
I .11 I IT I 'N n \WA!t 1st IN". 
On the Island of Hawaii, District of l-l miakna, there 
are several small sections of land plnnt.d with eofte*. 
Tho plantation of llonokaa, at nn alevatiofl Ol 1,700 
feet has about an aero of cofToo planted. LtM t r •■<>» 
are in thu neighborhood of twolvo years of age. I 
