June i. 1888.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
est moment, it is- necessary to bear in mind the valuable 
and exhaustive analytic experiments of Messrs Lawes 
and < lilbert, un farm .stock, viz., that :i-->] lbs. of animal 
fatty matters, are equal iu nutritive value, to (i,"> lbs. of 
cereal starch. A meat has the advantage over a 
bread < i i l- t , in pesentingthe elements of nutrition in 
a mere concentrated form. However, health is best 
kept up by a jndicious mixture of both ration. Man 
consumes ' per 100 parts of the nitrogenous matters; 
in the flesh of the ox, sheep; and pig, 60, 50, and 78, 
respectively ; and of tatty matters in tho flesh of the 
same animals, 80, 75 and 90. Thus of the flesh of all 
these animals, pork is the most economical. In 1882, 
France— whose population is nearly 38 millions — con- 
mimed meat to the money, retail value, of 1,964 fr. 
millions; of this total, 138§fr. millions represented im- 
ported meat. 
I Iran cake, the new cattle food introduced to the 
German market, is making way. It is now being em- 
ployed for the feeding of calves and hogs. The cakes 
are (i inches long, 3 broad and § inch; thick, with be- 
velled corners- The interior of the cake is hard, re- 
quires a fair blow to be cracked, when it splits, not 
into crumbs, but into 11 ikes. Dr. Schulze, of Bresktn, 
has given a fresh analysis of the cake, and found its 
c imposition to be : water 12*51 ', nitrogenous matters, 
17-79; fatty 4*42 j cabonaceous, 55; woody fibre, 
8*11; ash, 4T7. Microscopic examination showed 
that the cake was made from wheat bran, strongly 
compressed. There is no gelatine in the composition, 
as might be expected to bind the bran; nor is there 
any foreign matter to account for the high percentage 
of nitrogen. It is said the company divides 15 per 
cent on capital, a hint for milling interests to 
consider. 
Since Dairy Schools are the order of tho day, that 
of I'aeselez-Meiuersen, near L'ineburg, in Germany, 
m'l l its notice. It was opened iu 1881 end accomodates 
only seven girls. M. Hassclmaun is the director. The 
pupils follow four sections of work : the dairy, school, 
household management, aDd the kitchen and flower 
gardens. The schooling is confiued to the three Bs, 
reading) writing, and arithmetic, the latter with 
special reference to keeping simple accounts; the 
flower and kitchen garden, in the light work of which 
they take part, is limited to cottage and farming wants ; 
the housekeeping's in greater part restricted to that 
•'heart of the house'' — the kitchen. For the dairy, 
the girls have to assist in all the processes of butter 
and cheese making; to keep a register of the yield of 
each cow, and to test samples of the milk. The director 
gives evi ry theoretical explanation required. 
The school manipulates b'li gallons of milk daily ; 
some is purchased by contract from farmers. Tho 
Laval hand separator is in use. From time to time, 
the Swartz and Holsteiu butter sy.-teins are tried. 
Since the adoption of the band separator, more 
butter; and ol a superior quality, hns been obtained, as 
compared with older methods. The experience of M. 
Hasselmann respecting the utilisation of the skim 
milk is important, lie considers it is very suitable 
for making into cheese, but is above all excellent for 
feeding calves, lie shows by his hooks, that when 
skim milk is made into cheese, or employed for hog- 
fattiug, it is not so remunerative as when given to 
calves. His plan is to give calves urn-ream -d milk 
daily, freehand pure; on their being able to consume 
their five quarts, he supplies them with as much unskim- 
med milk as they can take. In the course of eight 
or ten weeks, they are fattened, not very fat exu-tly, 
but " fleshy." which ought lobe the aim of intelligent 
Fattening, He does not believe in the theory, that to 
obtain whiteness of flesh, lei ding on whole milk is 
essential. He maintains that the aptitude for while, 
ness is inherited by the calf from its mother — is depen- 
dent on raee and the kind of food given to the 00 W, M. 
1 1 isM-liiinnn has I Hod every variety of subs' ituto lor milk- 
in the rearing and fattemm: of calves, and concludes: 
substitutes are of little utility, but often quite the 
contrnry, as they can prove a danger. 
To prevent stake*, employed to misUiu young fruit 
tie - from fottmg, prepare ■ mixture of two parts of 
ccbI esh.s. aud one of quicklime; place some iu the 
holo for tho stxke, and rain more rouud tho latter 
when in position. To protect young plantations from 
being injured by game, as deer, etc., add to one part of 
coal-tar — to correct corrosivoness — two of cow dung and 
one of wine, Apply the m'xture carefully in the mid- 
dle of October. 
ECONOMY' IN WORKING TEA 
ESTATES. 
Economical working of tea estates is now secur- 
ing the best attention of all parties who are iu 
any way interested in tea, and year by year more 
clearly goes to prove that it is only a survival of 
the fittest uaau, viz., tho cheapest worker. Some ten 
or twelve years ago anyone who had failed for 
every other profession iu life was considered quite 
good enough for tea. Things are vastly changed 
now, in a few years' time, and though interest is 
yet strong enough to procure men billets in tea, it 
IS, generally speaking, in subordinate positions such 
as assistantships ; and it only requires time to do 
away with this also. Men all the world over can 
afford to be generous as long as their purse-strings 
are not brought into play ; but when that lakes 
place, it is wonderful how soon the sense of their 
owu righ's makes itself apparent. 
Wh.it is required of a man to make a good ma- 
nager is, in the first place, a liberal education ; 
and, in the second place, sufficient good sense in 
his composition to apply his knowledge. The Madras 
limes, I notice, advises a Planter's College being 
started for young men to undergo a course oi agri- 
cultural training. This may seem to recommend 
itself to some people, but I am inclined to look at 
the suggestion as a purely theoretical one, and unsuit- 
able to practical working, for a tew of the follow- 
ing reasons : — First, an education of two years iu an 
agricultural college in this country would require 
that each student should have a certain amount of 
means to pay for his fees and maintenance ; and 
this iu itself would be a difficulty to at least nine 
t -uths of young intending planters. Second, taking 
it for granted that a j-oung man has passed his 
examinations and got his diploma, would any pro- 
prietor or ageuc be prepared to give him the 
management of au estate, or would he be requited 
to serve au apprenticeship '{ If the latter, would he 
bo of any use on an estate ? Or, would he not bo 
rather a hindrance ? Would it not be a case of 
"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing?" limy 
opinion be wo'th anything, I rhould say it would 
pay a mauager far better to make such an intend- 
ing assistant an allowance to keep off the estate. 
When a youngster tomes out, it, is far aud away 
the kindest thing to keep him I i bis work and 
teach him all wo'k iu the istate, evt u to the ke- piug 
of accounts, and by so educating him make him a 
useful man, who, when his agreemeut is np, will 
be in a position to take charge of au estate. When 
work is slack, encourage him to lake leave and 
throughly enjoy himself, aud you will by BO doing make 
a good man of uiue out of every ten young fellows 
coming out, and tho youngster will think the boss 
not such a bad chap after all, " though, by Jove, 
how ho does make you work when there is work 
going ! " 
This way of e locating young men coming out has 
beou the except ion. Had it heeu otherwise, there 
would not have been so many failures when young 
fellows got the management of a garden. The old 
st^ lo of manager, the typical jolly good fellow, who 
used to be off h s garden just as often as ho 
very well liked, b ft the gardeu to bis Nitivo 
establishment to work; and provided ho had n 
smart K iglish writer, he did positively nothing but 
sign his name to account* as rendered by his facto- 
tum the Baboo ; aud with such men i< it to bo 
wondered at, thit when prices came down, gardens, 
instead of hong in 'he position to proclaim a divi- 
dend, had a. debit baJanoe to show ? Mow were these 
mtttera represented to proprietor" P Sometimes short 
rainfall, mosquito blight, and hull wore blamed, an I 
when this began not to go dywu with proprietor*. 
