4 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
had broken his front leg, and they decided to kill him. 
Thus did these we call kind gentlemen cruelly break up 
as happy a family as was in Muskoka District. 
At the head of this bay we began fishing. I was baiting 
with large dew worms and was having fine success with 
pickerel and pike, having landed a half dozen. I fished 
from a large rock that had come down from the cliffs 
above ; and I here tried for bass. I think I never had 
such luck as I had that evening. When a bass was 
hooked there would come up from the depths of the 
dark waters a dozen or more others, gobbling up the 
pieces of bait my captive would disgorge. There were 
pickerel and bass, pike and channel cats in the motley 
crew. In one lot that came up after a fish caught by 
another of the party, was an unusually big bass. I cast 
a worm to him which he promptly took. I struck, hooked 
him, and after a hard fight the bass won. 
We hurried home at twilight, and cut pine boughs for a 
bed. We filled the bunks full of the pine tassels and 
found that they served the purpose well. The next morn- 
ing we had a fine breakfast of fried bass, boiled eggs and 
potatoes, bread and butter. We were joined about noon 
by August and Theodore Yahn and Fred Hays, of Home- 
stead, Pa. That day we spent in fishing and lounging 
around the camp. In the evening we started back in the 
woods to watch for deer, but none came out, although 
many had been feeding in tfie swamp. That night we ail 
turned in early and slept soundly, for next day we had 
nearly twenty miles to go to reach Sparrow Lake. 
At daylight we were all astir, had breakfast over, and 
were ready to start at 6 A. M. While we were eating 
there was a strong wind blowing up the river, and our 
prayer was that it might continue. We rowed the heavy 
boats around the first bend and went ashore and cut three 
masts. By tying the corners of our bed quilts we had 
pretty fair sails, and we sailed the entire distance home. 
1 am sure we must have presented an odd sight as we 
scurried up the river with bed quilts made up of many 
quaint patches for sails. One of the boys said they would 
arrest us for pirates as we came over Sparrows Lake. 
At sundown we slipped under the overhanging trees in 
the Severn River above Sparrow Lake, and in ten min- 
utes our boats touched the landing. Thus ended another 
of the many delightful tours I have made down this 
charming river. James M. Norris. 
of northern and eastern Germany. This condition pre- 
vented_ the spread of this group into eastern Europe at 
that time. Its extreme eastern limit was near Berlin, 
where, in one of the oldest Pleistocene deposits, fossil 
remains of the Barren Ground caribou have been found. 
At a much later period, probably during the interglacial 
phase of the glacial period, a land connection was estab- 
lished across Russia, and an invasion of Siberian mam- 
mals took place, bringing with it the Woodland caribou. 
i 4 
of Hudson's Bay. Mr. A, P. Lowe described three herds 
of Barren Ground caribou in Labrador. There is a wide 
belt of land along the McKenzie River wbere no caribou 
are found, and beyond which Rangifer arclicus does not 
extend. In northern Alaska there are reported to be still 
two or three species of caribou which have not yet 
reached the hands of naturalists. For these we must wait, 
and it is quite possible that we may wait in vain, since the 
whalers, which each year in numbers visit the Arctic Sea, 
— • — 
Grant on the Caribou. 
The recent discoveries of new forms of caribou in 
Alaska and northeastern America lend an especial interest 
to a paper recently printed by Mr. Madison Grant, the 
secretary of the New York Zoological Society, and 
printed in the Seventh Annual Report of the Society. Mr. 
Grant, in fact, has been in such close touch with certain 
zoological investigations in northwestern America, and 
has contributed so greatly toward the carrying out of 
these investigations that his name must always be closely 
Imked with this aspect of Arctic exploration, and it is 
gratifying that his name should have been given to one 
of the new forms of caribou recently described from 
Alaska. 
The paper in question is of great interest, not only 
for what it tells us in words about the caribou, but also 
for the great number of very beautiful illustrations which 
it contains, all of them tending to illuminate the questions 
under discussion, and by means of actual specimens to 
make clear the author's precise meaning. Besides this, 
there is a two-page colored map, showing the range in 
America of the two groups of the caribou. 
Mr. Grant divides existing caribou into two groups, to 
be known as Barren Ground and Woodland caribow. To 
the Barren Ground group belong the Euoropean reindeer, 
the species described from Spitzbergen, and any un- 
described races existing in Siberia ; while, on the Ameri- 
can side are the Greenland caribou, Peary's caribou from 
Ellesmereland, the Arctic form from the extreme north of 
Aniterica and the Arctic Islands, Grant's caribou from the 
Alaskan Peninsula, and Stone's from Cook Inlet. There, 
iiiay .be also undescribed American races. 
-^3^36 Woodland caribou are all American. Taking 
them from east to west they are the species from New- 
foundland, that from Canada and Maine, west to Mani- 
toba, the Rocky Mountain form from Idaho to Central 
British Columbia, known as R. montanus, and R. osborni, 
from the Cassiar Mountains of British Columbia, north- 
ward, and any other Woodland forms that may exist as 
yet undescribed. 
Mr. Grant's basis of classification depends chiefly on 
size, color and antler development. It is readily acknow- 
ledged that anyone of these three characters is variable 
and uncertain. Nevertheless, as has often been said, if 
one has enough specimens there is an average of all these 
characters for any region which the practiced eye can 
readily recognize. Similarly as to the antlers, "within the 
extreme limits of this irregularity there are certain types 
of architecture which, though clearly defined, are difficult 
to describe." 
One of the most striking characteristics of the genus 
Rangifer are found in its feet and in its antlers, to which 
may be added the presence of horns in the female. The 
enormous development of the brow antler in the cari- 
bou, which by some has been considered characteristic 
of the Woodland caribou, is, of course, not peculiar of 
that group, as specimens in Washington and elsewhere 
abundantly prove. 
Among fossil remains from the oldest Pleistocene de- 
posits of northern and western Europe, those of caribou 
are abundant, and it is interesting to note that these re- 
mains represent both the Barren Ground and the Wood- 
land forms, although, so far as known, no reindeer of 
Woodland type are found in the old world to-day. 
;Mr. Grant is inclined to believe that the Actic Barren 
Ground caribou found its, way into western Europe over 
£i land bridge which at the beginning of the glacial period 
connected Greenland, Spitzbergen and Norway. "At that' 
period," he says, "those pprtions of Russia lying between- 
the Black Sea and White Sea and the major part ofj 
Svyeden were entirely submerged, as well as a large part 
NEWFOUNDLAND CARIBOU (RANGIFER TERRA ENOVAE, BANGS). 
Wild stag, photographed, 1902, on a Newfoundland barren, 
by Charles D. Cleveland, and reproduced by permission. 
This animal pushed as far west as England, the north 
and east of France, but never reached either Scandinavia 
or Ireland, the latter having become detached from England 
at that time." Woodland caribou, according to Mr. 
Grant, probably originated in northeastern Asia, and 
reached America over the land connection which formerly 
existed across the Behring Straits. 
According to this view it will be seen that these two 
types of reindeer had become differentiated before the 
hire the natives to supply them with fresh meat and 
destroy vast quantities of reindeer, and may very possibly 
exterminate certain species of limited range. 
On the Alaskan Peninsula occurs the new and interest- 
ing caribou known as R. granti, which was formerly 
abundant on Unga Island. It is believed that this species 
is in immediate danger of extinction. R. stonei of the 
Kenai Peninsula, in Alaska, is a large species approach- 
ing in size some forms of the Woodland caribou, but 
SWIMMING CARIBOU, BIRCHY PONDS, NEWFOUNDLAND. 
Antlers of the stag on the right of the photograph, from which the velvet was stripped, were bright red, ivhile 
from the antlers of the other stag, the velvet hung in strips. 
Photographed from a canoe, September 14, 1900, and copyrighted, 1902, by R. T. Varnura. 
glacial period. Whence the reindeer type arose we do not 
know. 
Of the old world reindeer the best known is R. taran- 
dus, domesticated in Lapland and in Siberia, the domes- 
ticated animals being less in size than the wild ones of the 
same region. The Spitzbergen form is small, and has cer- 
tain well defined skull characters. There may be other 
old world forms. Greenland and Ellesmereland has each 
I a caribou of its own, and one of the northermost animals 
lof the group is that reported from Fort Conger, Grinnel! 
[Land, in latitude 82 degrees. . The typical Barren Ground 
c-iribou ranges on the American mainland to the west 
preserving the characteristics of its group. 
Of the Woodland group the range of the common form 
has been indicated. It is said to extend in the west as 
far north as Great Slave Lake, and at various points west 
of Hudson's Bay its range and that of the Barren Ground 
caribou overlap. The forms R. monfanus and R. osborni 
come from the mountains of the Pacific Coast. They are 
dark and of large size. 
Of the Newfoundland caribou, two types are recognized 
by the natives. These may be nothing more than in- 
dividual variation. The building of the railroad through 
Newfoundland has made these hunting grounds so acces- 
